From 9501e95505ad66d97c1d9e5bb36d36c37637b883 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ThetaDev Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 19:30:38 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] fix: missing rss feed channel ids --- src/client/channel_rss.rs | 15 +- src/client/response/channel_rss.rs | 39 +- ...nel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_base.snap} | 0 ..._tests__map_channel_rss_no_channel_id.snap | 221 ++++ ..._rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_likes.snap | 221 ++++ testfiles/channel_rss/no_channel_id.xml | 1029 +++++++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 1520 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename src/client/snapshots/{rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss.snap => rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_base.snap} (100%) create mode 100644 src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_channel_id.snap create mode 100644 src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_likes.snap create mode 100644 testfiles/channel_rss/no_channel_id.xml diff --git a/src/client/channel_rss.rs b/src/client/channel_rss.rs index 0cb9322..4da7c24 100644 --- a/src/client/channel_rss.rs +++ b/src/client/channel_rss.rs @@ -64,15 +64,22 @@ mod tests { use crate::{client::response, model::ChannelRss}; - #[test] - fn map_channel_rss() { - let xml_path = Path::new("testfiles/channel_rss/base.xml"); + use rstest::rstest; + + #[rstest] + #[case::base("base")] + #[case::no_likes("no_likes")] + #[case::no_channel_id("no_channel_id")] + fn map_channel_rss(#[case] name: &str) { + let filename = format!("testfiles/channel_rss/{}.xml", name); + let xml_path = Path::new(&filename); let xml_file = File::open(xml_path).unwrap(); let feed: response::ChannelRss = quick_xml::de::from_reader(BufReader::new(xml_file)).unwrap(); + let map_res: ChannelRss = feed.into(); - insta::assert_ron_snapshot!("map_channel_rss", map_res); + insta::assert_ron_snapshot!(format!("map_channel_rss_{}", name), map_res); } } diff --git a/src/client/response/channel_rss.rs b/src/client/response/channel_rss.rs index 4e24fd8..a18a625 100644 --- a/src/client/response/channel_rss.rs +++ b/src/client/response/channel_rss.rs @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ use serde::Deserialize; use time::OffsetDateTime; +use crate::util; + use super::Thumbnail; #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] @@ -9,6 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ChannelRss { pub channel_id: String, #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=title")] pub title: String, + pub author: Author, #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=published", with = "time::serde::rfc3339")] pub create_date: OffsetDateTime, pub entry: Vec, @@ -18,6 +21,8 @@ pub(crate) struct ChannelRss { pub(crate) struct Entry { #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=yt:videoId")] pub video_id: String, + #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=yt:channelId")] + pub channel_id: String, #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=title")] pub title: String, #[serde(rename = "$unflatten=published", with = "time::serde::rfc3339")] @@ -56,10 +61,42 @@ pub(crate) struct Statistics { pub views: u64, } +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +pub(crate) struct Author { + pub uri: String, +} + impl From for crate::model::ChannelRss { fn from(feed: ChannelRss) -> Self { + let id = if feed.channel_id.is_empty() { + feed.entry + .iter() + .find_map(|entry| { + if !entry.channel_id.is_empty() { + Some(entry.channel_id.to_owned()) + } else { + None + } + }) + .or_else(|| { + feed.author + .uri + .strip_prefix("https://www.youtube.com/channel/") + .and_then(|id| { + if util::CHANNEL_ID_REGEX.is_match(id).unwrap_or_default() { + Some(id.to_owned()) + } else { + None + } + }) + }) + .unwrap_or_default() + } else { + feed.channel_id + }; + Self { - id: feed.channel_id, + id, name: feed.title, videos: feed .entry diff --git a/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss.snap b/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_base.snap similarity index 100% rename from src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss.snap rename to src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_base.snap diff --git a/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_channel_id.snap b/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_channel_id.snap new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38a008d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_channel_id.snap @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +--- +source: src/client/channel_rss.rs +expression: map_res +--- +ChannelRss( + id: "UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA", + name: "Veritasium", + videos: [ + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "esQyYGezS7c", + title: "The world depends on a collection of strange items. They\'re not cheap", + description: "This government warehouse keeps our entire society up to standard. Part of this video was sponsored by Google Domains. Take the first step to get online with a domain name from Google Domains - go to domains.google/veritasium to get 20% off your first year. #GoogleDomains\n\n▀▀▀\nThanks to Rich Press and NIST for the great visit. \nThanks to Dr. Steve Choquette, Dr. Ben Place, and Dr. Johanna Camara for teaching us about the world of Standard Reference Materials.\nYou can check out all the cool work going on at NIST here: https://www.nist.gov/\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nNIST (2022). Standard Reference Materials. – https://ve42.co/WhyStandard2022 \n\nMontgomery, R. & Bercik, I. (2022). NIST Standard Reference Materials 2022 Catalog. – https://ve42.co/SRMCatalog\n\nVincent, J. (2022). Made to measure: why we can’t stop quantifying our lives. The Guardian –\nhttps://ve42.co/Vincent2022\n\nProffitt, A. (2022). NIST Develops Monkeypox Reference Materials, Sees Growing Role in Outbreak Response. Diagnostics World. – https://ve42.co/Proffitt2022\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to our Patreon supporters:\nJames Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, Jim Buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller & Emily Zhang\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nAnimation by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov\nFilmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Pond5 & Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound \nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/esQyYGezS7c/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-11-19T14:00:24Z", + update_date: "2022-11-21T17:29:37Z", + view_count: 1985614, + like_count: 78387, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "evUfG3lrk5U", + title: "What Happens If A Star Explodes Near The Earth?", + description: "People have witnessed supernovae for millennia, but what threat do they pose to life on Earth? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. \n\n▀▀▀\nA massive thanks to Prof. Hans-Thomas Janka for helping us with the physics of supernovae and GRBs. A massive thanks to Prof. Brian Thomas for all of his help with the terrestrial effects of supernovae and GRBs. This video would not have been possible without them. Also thanks to Dr. Luke Barnes for his initial help with the literature search.\n\nHydrogen bomb vs Supernova fact was taken from this great article by xkcd/Randall Munroe – https://what-if.xkcd.com/73/ (based on the calculation by Andrew Karam, 2002)\n\nCosmic bubble footage from\nhttps://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/1000-light-year-wide-bubble-surrounding-earth-source-all-nearby-young-stars\n\nNeutrino driven SN explosion simulations from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L42\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nMelott, A. et al. (2019). Hypothesis: Muon radiation dose and marine megafaunal extinction at the End-Pliocene supernova. Astrobiology, 19(6), 825-830. – https://ve42.co/Melott1\n\nThomas, B. C. et al. (2016). Terrestrial effects of nearby supernovae in the early Pleistocene. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 826(1), L3 – https://ve42.co/Thomas1\n\nMelott, A. L., & Thomas, B. C. (2019). From cosmic explosions to terrestrial fires?. The Journal of Geology, 127(4), 475-481. – https://ve42.co/Melott2\n\nFields, B. et al. (2019). Near-Earth supernova explosions: Evidence, implications, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.04589. – https://ve42.co/Fields1\n\nThomas, B. C., Atri, D., & Melott, A. L. (2021). Gamma-ray bursts: not so much deadlier than we thought. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 500(2), 1970-1973. – https://ve42.co/Thomas2\n\nMelott, A. et al. (2004). Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?. International Journal of Astrobiology, 3(1), 55-61. – https://ve42.co/Melott3\n\nFirestone, R. B. (2014). Observation of 23 supernovae that exploded less than 300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr. The Astrophysical Journal, 789(1), 29. – https://ve42.co/firestone1\n\nJanka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino emission from supernovae. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08713. – https://ve42.co/Janka1\n\nJanka, H. T., & Hillebrandt, W. (1989). Neutrino emission from type II supernovae-an analysis of the spectra. Astronomy and astrophysics, 224, 49-56. – https://ve42.co/Janka2\n\nJanka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino-driven explosions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08825. – https://ve42.co/Janka3\n\nKaram, P. A. (2002). Gamma and neutrino radiation dose from gamma ray bursts and nearby supernovae. Health physics, 82(4), 491-499. – https://ve42.co/Karam1\n\nMelott, A. L., Thomas, et al.. (2017). A supernova at 50 pc: effects on the Earth\'s atmosphere and biota. The Astrophysical Journal, 840(2), 105. – https://ve42.co/Melott4\n\nLudwig, P., et al. (2016). Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth’s microfossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9232-9237. – https://ve42.co/Ludwig1\n\nGritschneder, et al. (2011). The supernova triggered formation and enrichment of our solar system. The Astrophysical Journal, 745(1), 22. – https://ve42.co/Gritschneder1\n\nMotizuki, Y., Takahashi, et al. (2009). An Antarctic ice core recording both supernovae and solar cycles. arXiv preprint arXiv:0902.3446. – https://ve42.co/Motizuki\n\nZucker, C. et al. (2022). Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble. Nature, 601(7893), 334-337. – https://ve42.co/Zucker1\n\nHirata, K. et al.(1987). Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A. Physical Review Letters, 58(14), 1490. – https://ve42.co/Hirata1\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to our Patron supporters:\nJames Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller\nEdited by Fabio Albertelli\nAnimation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Charlie Davies\nFilmed by Derek Muller\nAdditional Research by Kovi Rose & Katie Barnshaw\nVideo/photos supplied by NASA, ESA, Pond5, and Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/evUfG3lrk5U/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-11-15T14:00:19Z", + update_date: "2022-11-18T23:26:46Z", + view_count: 2760946, + like_count: 129711, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "nmgFG7PUHfo", + title: "The Algorithm That Transformed The World", + description: "The Fast Fourier Transform is used everywhere but it has a fascinating origin story that could have ended the nuclear arms race. This video is sponsored by 80,000 Hours. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to sign up for their newsletter and get sent a free copy of their in-depth career guide.\n\nA huge thank you to Dr. Richard Garwin for taking the time to speak with us. \nThanks to Dr. Steve Brunton of the University of Washington for his help with understanding the Fast Fourier Transform. \n\nThanks to Dr. Cliff Thurber of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Paul Richards of Columbia University, and Dr. Steven Gibbons of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute for their expertise. \n\nThanks to Grant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown for his helpful feedback on the script. His great video on the Fourier Transform is here - https://youtu.be/spUNpyF58BY\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nKristensen, H.M., Korda, M. (2022). Status of World Nuclear Forces. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). https://ve42.co/Stockpile2022\n\nBarth, K. H. (1998). Science and politics in early nuclear test ban negotiations. Physics Today, 51(3), 34-39. - https://ve42.co/Barth1998\n\nSchmalberger, T. (1991). In pursuit of a nuclear test ban treaty - https://ve42.co/Schmalberger1991\n\nBowers, D., & Selby, N. D. (2009). Forensic seismology and the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 209-236 - https://ve42.co/Bowers2009\n\nIncorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). (2022). How Often Do Earthquakes Occur? https://ve42.co/IRIS2022\n\nKimball, D. (2022). The Nuclear Testing Tally. Arms Control Association. https://ve42.co/TestTally2022\n\nKværna, T., & Ringdal, F. (2013). Detection capability of the seismic network of the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2A), 759-772 - https://ve42.co/Kvrna2013\n\nSykes, L. R., & Evernden, J. F. (1982). The verification of a comprehensive nuclear test ban. Scientific American, 247(4), 47-55 - https://ve42.co/Sykes1982\n\nPeterson, J., & Hutt, C. R. (2014). World-wide standardized seismograph network: a data users guide (p. 82). US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. - https://ve42.co/Peterson2014\n\nRichards, P. G., & Kim, W. Y. (2009). Monitoring for nuclear explosions. Scientific American, 300(3), 70-77 - https://ve42.co/Richards2009\n\nJacobsen, L. L., Fedorova, I., & Lajus, J. (2021). The seismograph as a diplomatic object: The Soviet–American exchange of instruments, 1958–1964. Centaurus, 63(2), 277-295 - https://ve42.co/Jacobsen2021\n\nSchwartz S. I. (1998). The Hidden Costs Of Our Nuclear Arsenal: Overview Of Project Findings. The Brookings Institution - https://ve42.co/Schwartz1998\n\nRicón, J.L. (2016). The Soviet Union: Military Spending. Nintil - https://ve42.co/Nintil2016\n\nHeideman, M. T., Johnson, D. H., & Burrus, C. S. (1985). Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform. Archive for history of exact sciences, 265-277 - https://ve42.co/Heideman1985\n\nFord, D. (2004). Richard Garwin - Session IV. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - https://ve42.co/Ford2004\n\nAaserud, F. (1986). Richard Garwin - Session I. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - https://ve42.co/Aaserud1986\n\nGoldstein, A. (1997). James W. Cooley, an oral history. IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA - https://ve42.co/Goldstein1997\n\nCooley, J., Garwin, R., Rader, C., Bogert, B., & Stockham, T. (1969). The 1968 Arden House workshop on fast Fourier transform processing. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 17(2), 66-76 - https://ve42.co/Cooley1969\n\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: \nLouis Lebbos, Elliot MIller, RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller & Felicity Nelson\nFilmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno\nAnimation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, and Fabio Albertelli\nEdited by Albert Leung & Derek Muller\nResearch Assistant: Katie Barnshaw\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/nmgFG7PUHfo/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-11-03T12:52:34Z", + update_date: "2022-11-15T15:48:03Z", + view_count: 4249383, + like_count: 190769, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "NdWFCygzr8k", + title: "Why do we launch rockets from Florida?", + description: "I always thought Florida seemed like a terrible place to launch anything from.", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/NdWFCygzr8k/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-10-06T01:05:05Z", + update_date: "2022-10-22T12:16:50Z", + view_count: 1136718, + like_count: 68191, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "16Ci_2bN_zc", + title: "How Dangerous is a Penny Dropped From a Skyscraper?", + description: "This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. Check out Adam Savage\'s video: https://youtu.be/h_zytOcMwys\n\nA massive thanks to Adam Savage and the whole Tested Crew – especially Kristen Lomasney, Ryan Kiser, and Joey Fameli. Thank you so much for coming out to the desert with us, and for inviting us to your cave! Check out the video we made with them on their channel – https://youtu.be/h_zytOcMwys\n\nAnother huge thanks to iFly Ontario for letting us shoot in your amazing windtunnel. Special thanks to Diana Rios, Treasa Telle, Michelle Brumley for having us and Anthony Jones, Torrell Henderson and Nate Roth for being great instructors. iFly run STEM education trips, where you can experience terminal velocity first hand – https://www.iflyworld.com/programs/stem-field-trips/\n\nThanks to Inland Empire Film Services and the San Bernardino County Film Office for portions of the video shot in the County of San Bernardino.\n\nThe raindrop video is from Alistair McClymont’s gorgeous artwork “Raindrop” – \u{200b}\u{200b}https://alistairmcclymont.com/artwork/raindrop/\n\nVideo of the raindrop breaking apart is from the coolest paper i’ve read in a while – Villermaux, E., & Bossa, B. (2009). Single-drop fragmentation determines size distribution of raindrops. Nature physics, 5(9), 697-702. – https://ve42.co/Villermaux\n\n\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\nAltair. (2019). Digital Debunking: Could a Penny Dropped Off the Top of the Empire State Building Actually Kill You? - https://ve42.co/Altair2019 \n\n\nBraeunig, R.A. Atmosphere Properties. - https://ve42.co/AtmosProp\n\n\nThe Guardian. (2014). Brutal winter weather brings new challenge: ice falling from skyscrapers - https://ve42.co/WTCicicle\n\n\nNASA. (2018). The Apollo 15 Hammer-Feather Drop - https://ve42.co/NASAmoondrop\n\n\nRed Bull Stratos - https://ve42.co/RBStratos\n\n\nQuealy, K., Sanger-KatzIn, M. (2015). In Other Countries, You’re as Likely to Be Killed by a Falling Object as by a Gun. New York Times. - https://ve42.co/NYTFallingObject\n\n\nNational Safety Council. (2022). Struck by Objects. - https://ve42.co/NSCStruck\n\n\nWilliams, A. (2019). What are your chances of being killed by hail in the US? - https://ve42.co/Williams2019\n\n\nNewScientist. (2021). Can bullets fired upwards cause injuries when they return to earth? - https://ve42.co/CelebratoryGunFire\n\nChambers, J. (2020). Meet the Flechette – the Deadliest Weapon of World War I? - https://ve42.co/Flechette\n\nWikipedia. Lazy Dog (bomb). - https://ve42.co/LazyDog \n\nGläser, N., Kneubuehl, B. P., Zuber, S., Axmann, S., Ketterer, T., Thali, M. J., & Bolliger, S. A. (2011). Biomechanical examination of blunt trauma due to baseball bat blows to the head. Journal of Forensic Biomechanics, 2 - https://ve42.co/Glaser2011\n\nYoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., SANCES JR, A. N. T. H. O. N. Y., Walsh, P. R., Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., & Snyder, R. G. (1995). Biomechanics of skull fracture. Journal of neurotrauma, 12(4), 659-668.\n\nNew York Times. (2014). Falling Tape Measure Kills Man at Jersey City Construction Site - The New York Times - https://ve42.co/NYTTapeMeasure\n\nIMDb. (2006). \"MythBusters\" Bullets Fired Up (TV Episode). - https://ve42.co/MBgunfire \n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to: Elliot MIller, Louis Lebbos, RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Nathan Lanza, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Robert Blum, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, and Emily Zhang\nFilmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Raquel Nuno and Eddie Lopez\nAnimation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jakub Misiek\nEdited by Trenton Oliver and Derek Muller\nFPV Drone Pilots: Sammie Saing and Josh Ewalt\nSlow Motion Camera: Shawn Sanders and Anthony Corrales\nPhantom slow motion camera & lenses provided by Panny Hire L.A\nHelicopter Pilots: Rick Shuster and Cliff Fleming\nHelicopter Safety Officer: Ryan Hosking\nProduction Assistants: Roman Bacvic and Eddie Lopez\nResearch Assistant: Katie Barnshaw\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/16Ci_2bN_zc/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-10-01T15:00:11Z", + update_date: "2022-11-16T19:56:16Z", + view_count: 11839843, + like_count: 278868, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "daaDuC1kbds", + title: "World\'s Highest Jumping Robot", + description: "This tiny robot can jump higher than anything else in the world. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.\n\nHuge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes and the rest of the group - Charles Xiao, Chris Keeley, Dr. Morgan Pope, and Dr. Günter Niemeyer - for having us at UCSB and showing us their high-flying jumper. This work was partially supported by an Early Career Faculty Grant from NASA’s Space Technology Research Grants Program.\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nHawkes, E.W., Xiao, C., Peloquin, R., Keeley, C., Begley, M.R., Pope, M.T., & Niemeyer, G. (2022). Engineered jumpers overcome biological limits via work multiplication. Nature, 604, 657-661. – https://rdcu.be/cMePc\nhttps://ve42.co/Hawkes2022\nFernandez, S. (2022). Hitting New Heights. The Current, UC Santa Barbara. – https://ve42.co/Fernandez2022\nBushwick, S. (2022). Record-Breaking Jumping Robot Can Leap a 10-Story Building. Engineering, Scientific American. – https://ve42.co/Bushwick2022\nMack, E. (2022). This Robot Can Leap Nine Stories in One Jump, Will Go Even Higher on Moon. Science, CNET. – https://ve42.co/Mack2022\nAshby, M. (2020). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (4th edition). Elsevier. \nJumping robot leaps to record heights. Nature Video - https://ve42.co/NatureJumper\nMultiMo-Bat Robot - https://ve42.co/MultiMoBat\nGalago Jump - https://ve42.co/GalagoJump\nSlingshot Spider - https://ve42.co/SlingshotSpider\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Nathan Lanza, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Robert Blum, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller\nFilmed by Derek Muller and Trenton Oliver\nAnimation by Mike Radjabov and Ivy Tello\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/daaDuC1kbds/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-31T13:00:16Z", + update_date: "2022-09-13T15:21:37Z", + view_count: 8282736, + like_count: 155466, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "5eW6Eagr9XA", + title: "The 4 things it takes to be an expert", + description: "Which experts have real expertise? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.\n\nThanks to https://www.chess24.com/ and Chessable for the clip of Magnus.\n\n▀▀▀\nChase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology, 4(1), 55-81. – https://ve42.co/chess1\n\nCalderwood, R., Klein, G. A., & Crandall, B. W. (1988). Time pressure, skill, and move quality in chess. The American Journal of Psychology, 481-493. – https://ve42.co/chess2\n\nHogarth, R. M., Lejarraga, T., & Soyer, E. (2015). The two settings of kind and wicked learning environments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 379-385. – https://ve42.co/Hogarth\n\nÆgisdóttir, S., White, M. J., Spengler, P. M., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., ... & Rush, J. D. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(3), 341-382. – https://ve42.co/anderson1\n\nEricsson, K. A. (2015). Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice. Academic Medicine, 90(11), 1471-1486. – https://ve42.co/anderson2\n\nGoldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1. – https://ve42.co/goldberg1\n\nEricsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363. – https://ve42.co/anderson3\n\nEgan, D. E., & Schwartz, B. J. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory & Cognition, 7(2), 149-158. – https://ve42.co/chunking1\n\nTetlock, P. E. (2017). Expert political judgment. In Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press. – https://ve42.co/Tetlock\n\nMelton, R. S. (1952). A comparison of clinical and actuarial methods of prediction with an assessment of the relative accuracy of different clinicians. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota. \n\nMeehl, E. P. (1954). Clinical versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. University of Minnesota Press. – https://ve42.co/Meehl1954\n\nKahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. – https://ve42.co/Kahneman\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal \n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev\nAnimation by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli \nFilmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound (https://ve42.co/music)\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/5eW6Eagr9XA/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-02T16:51:13Z", + update_date: "2022-08-13T08:54:40Z", + view_count: 7102625, + like_count: 372831, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "EvknN89JoWo", + title: "The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions", + description: "Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: \u{200b}https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!\n\n▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀\nA huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles\n\nThanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2\n\nThanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg\n\nSpecial thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.\n\n▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nThe primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – \nSmil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil\n\nMastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles\n\nStoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg\n\nPostgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate\n\nMiles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles\n\nFriedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017\n\nDa Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva\n\nRodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues\n\nAllison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison\n\nCrookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes\n\n▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal \n\n▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀\nWritten by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nAnimation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies\nSFX by Shaun Clifford\nFilmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno\nPhoto of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/EvknN89JoWo/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-07-22T17:03:09Z", + update_date: "2022-09-08T20:14:32Z", + view_count: 14351565, + like_count: 525178, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "iSNsgj1OCLA", + title: "The Riddle That Seems Impossible Even If You Know The Answer", + description: "The 100 Prisoners Riddle feels completely impossible even once you know the answer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.\n\nSpecial thanks to Destin of Smarter Every Day (https://ve42.co/SED), Toby of Tibees (https://ve42.co/Tibees), and Jabril of Jabrils (https://ve42.co/Jabrils) for taking the time to think about this mind bending riddle.\n\nHuge thanks to Luke West for building plots and for his help with the math. \nHuge thanks to Dr. Eugene Curtin and Dr. Max Warshauer for their great article on the problem and taking the time to help us understand it: https://ve42.co/CurtinWarshauer\nThanks to Dr. John Baez for his help with finding alternate ways to do the calculations.\nThanks to Simon Pampena for his input and analysis.\n\nOther 100 Prisoners Riddle videos:\nminutephysics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5-I0bAuEUE\nVsauce2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOnEEeHZp94\nStand-up Maths: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1DUUnhk3uE\nTED-Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIdStMTgNl0\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\nOriginal paper: Gál, A., & Miltersen, P.B. (2003). The Cell Probe Complexity of Succinct Data Structures. BRICS, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus. All rights reserved. – https://ve42.co/GalMiltersen\nWinkler, P. (2006). Seven Puzzles You Think You Must Not Have Heard Correctly. – https://ve42.co/Winkler2006\nThe 100 Prisoners Problem – https://ve42.co/100PWiki \nGolomb, S. & Gaal, P. (1998). On the Number of Permutations on n Objects with Greatest Cycle Length k. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 20(1), 98-107. – https://ve42.co/Golomb1998\nLamb, E. (2012). Puzzling Prisoners Presented to Promote North America\'s Only Museum of Math. Observations, Scientific American. – https://ve42.co/Lamb2012\nPermutations – https://ve42.co/PermutationsWiki\nProbability that a random permutation of n elements has a cycle of length k greater than n/2, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/BaezProbSE\nCounting Cycle Structures in Sn, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/CountCyclesSE\nWhat is the distribution of cycle lengths in derangements? In particular, expected longest cycle, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/JorikiSE\nThe Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim - Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1). – https://www.manim.community/\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang\nFilmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev\nAnimation by Ivy Tello and Jesús Rascón\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/iSNsgj1OCLA/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-06-30T12:20:58Z", + update_date: "2022-07-27T02:26:52Z", + view_count: 8257450, + like_count: 303116, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "6etTERFUlUI", + title: "The Absurd Search For Dark Matter", + description: "This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. Astronomers think there should be 5 times as much dark matter as ordinary matter – a shadow universe that makes up most of the mass in the universe. But after decades of trying, no experiments have found any trace of dark matter – except one.\n\nA massive thanks to the wonderful people at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Physics https://www.centredarkmatter.org for showing us around and being on camera – Fleur Morrison, A/Prof Phillip Urquijo, Prof Elisabetta Barberio, Madeleine Zurowski and Grace Lawrence. \nThanks to Leo Fincher-Johnson and everyone at the Stawell gold mine for having us.\nMassive thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis – Geraint has been Veritasium’s go-to expert for anything astrophysics and cosmology related. Please check out his website, and buy his books, they’re great – https://www.geraintflewis.com\nThanks to Prof. Timothy Tait for the help to make sure we got the science right.\nThanks to Ingo Berg for illustrating the effect of dark matter on the rotation of a galaxy https://beltoforion.de/en/spiral_galaxy_renderer/spiral-galaxy-renderer.html\n\n▀▀▀\nGalaxy cluster simulation from IllustrisTNG – https://www.tng-project.org\nVenn Diagram of Dark Matter from Tim Tait – https://ve42.co/venn\nThe Bullet Cluster Image from Magellan, Hubble and Chandra telescopes – https://ve42.co/BC2\nBullet cluster animation from Andrew Robertson / Institute for Computational Cosmology / Durham University – https://ve42.co/BC3\n\n▀▀▀\nBernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Cerulli, R., Dai, C. J., d’Angelo, A., ... & Ye, Z. P. (2008). First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI. The European Physical Journal C, 56(3), 333-355. – https://ve42.co/DAMA2008\n\nZwicky, F. (1933). Die rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen nebeln. Helvetica physica acta, 6, 110-127. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky1\n\nZwicky, F. (1937). On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae. The Astrophysical Journal, 86, 217. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky2\n\nRubin, V. C., & Ford Jr, W. K. (1970). Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. The Astrophysical Journal, 159, 379. – https://ve42.co/Rubin1\n\nBosma, A., & Van der Kruit, P. C. (1979). The local mass-to-light ratio in spiral galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 79, 281-286. – https://ve42.co/Bosma1\n\nMilgrom, M. (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 270, 365-370. – https://ve42.co/mond1\n\nSanders, R. H., & McGaugh, S. S. (2002). Modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to dark matter. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 40(1), 263-317. – https://ve42.co/Mond2\n\nM. Markevitch; A. H. Gonzalez; D. Clowe; A. Vikhlinin; L. David; W. Forman; C. Jones; S. Murray & W. Tucker (2004). \"Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56\". Astrophys. J. 606 (2): 819–824. – https://ve42.co/BC1\n\nGreat website about the CMB – http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/intermediate/driving2.html\n\nGalli, S., Iocco, F., Bertone, G., & Melchiorri, A. (2009). CMB constraints on dark matter models with large annihilation cross section. Physical Review D, 80(2), 023505. – https://ve42.co/CMB1\n\nAntonello, M., Barberio, E., Baroncelli, T., Benziger, J., Bignell, L. J., Bolognino, I., ... & Xu, J. (2019). The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle. The European Physical Journal C, 79(4), 1-8. – https://ve42.co/SABRE1\n\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nAnimation by Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov\nFilmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Image\nB-roll supplied by Stawell Gold Mine\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/6etTERFUlUI/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-06-02T12:06:02Z", + update_date: "2022-07-17T17:05:49Z", + view_count: 5941863, + like_count: 220444, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "Q1bSDnuIPbo", + title: "How did they actually take this picture? (Very Long Baseline Interferometry)", + description: "This is an image of the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.\nVisit https://www.kiwico.com/veritasium30 to get 30% off your first month of any crate!\n\n▀▀▀\nImage of Sgr A* from EHT collaboration\nEvent Horizon Telescope collaboration: https://ve42.co/EHT\n\nAnimations from The Relativistic Astrophysics group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. Massive thanks to Prof. Luciano Rezzolla, Dr Christian Fromm and Dr Alejandro Cruz-Osorio.\n\nA huge thanks to Prof. Peter Tuthill and Dr Manisha Caleb for feedback on earlier versions of this video and helping explain VLBI.\n\nGreat video by Thatcher Chamberlin about VLBI here – https://youtu.be/Y8rAHTvpJbk\n\nAnimations and simulations with English text:\nL. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)\nhttps://youtu.be/jvftAadCFRI\n\nVideo of stars going around Sgr A* from European Southern Observatory\nhttps://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1825e/\n\nVideo zooming into the center of our galaxy from European Southern Observatory\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXAU0gzsPOw\n\nVideo of observation of M87 courtesy of:\nC. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)\nhttps://youtu.be/meOKmzhTcIY\n\nVideo of observation of SgrA* courtesy of\nC. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)\nZ. Younsi (University College London)\nhttps://youtu.be/VnsZj9RvhFU\n\nVideo of telescopes in the array 2017:\nC. M. Fromm & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)\nhttps://youtu.be/Ame7fzBuFnk\n\nAnimations and simulations (no text):\nL. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)\nhttps://youtu.be/XmvpKFSvB7A\n\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller\nAnimation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Maria Raykova\nFilmed by Petr Lebedev", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/Q1bSDnuIPbo/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-05-12T14:52:13Z", + update_date: "2022-09-06T13:18:59Z", + view_count: 4599971, + like_count: 191229, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "oI_X2cMHNe0", + title: "How Electricity Actually Works", + description: "This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.\n\nSpecial thanks to:\nBruce Sherwood, Ruth Chabay, Aaron Titus, and Steve Spicklemore\nhttps://matterandinteractions.org\nVPython simulation: http://tinyurl.com/SurfaceCharge\n\nThanks to Ansys for help with the simulations: https://www.ansys.com/products/electronics/ansys-hfss\n\nHuge thanks to Richard Abbott from Caltech for all his modeling \n\nElectrical Engineering YouTubers:\nElectroboom: https://www.youtube.com/c/Electroboom\nAlpha Phoenix: https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel\neevblog: https://www.youtube.com/c/EevblogDave\nBen Watson: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgZUVIEtBnnBpFWJuxl_E5g\nBig Clive: https://www.youtube.com/c/Bigclive\nZ Y: https://www.youtube.com/user/ZongyiYang\nNYU Quantum Technology Lab\nhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk7io8SN3ZwKvkpnMCbIGsA\nDr. Ben Miles\nhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUeZBocfxALSUdOgNJB5ySA\nFurther analysis of the large circuit is available here: https://ve42.co/bigcircuit\n\nSpecial thanks to Dr Geraint Lewis for bringing up this question in the first place and discussing it with us. Check out his and Dr Chris Ferrie’s new book here: https://ve42.co/Universe2021\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\nA great video about the Poynting vector by the Science Asylum: https://youtu.be/C7tQJ42nGno\n\nSefton, I. M. (2002). Understanding electricity and circuits: What the text books don’t tell you. In Science Teachers’ Workshop. -- https://ve42.co/Sefton\n\nFeynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1965). The feynman lectures on physics; vol. Ii, chapter 27. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. -- https://ve42.co/Feynman27\n\nHunt, B. J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell University Press.\n\nMüller, R. (2012). A semiquantitative treatment of surface charges in DC circuits. American Journal of Physics, 80(9), 782-788. -- https://ve42.co/Muller2012\n\nGalili, I., & Goihbarg, E. (2005). Energy transfer in electrical circuits: A qualitative account. American journal of physics, 73(2), 141-144. -- https://ve42.co/Galili2004\n\nDeno, D. W. (1976). Transmission line fields. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 95(5), 1600-1611. -- https://ve42.co/Deno76\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller\nEdited by Derek Muller\nFilmed by Trenton Oliver and Petr Lebedev\nAnimation by Mike Radjabov and Ivy Tello\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/oI_X2cMHNe0/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-04-29T13:59:54Z", + update_date: "2022-08-03T23:51:20Z", + view_count: 7135363, + like_count: 293845, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "IV3dnLzthDA", + title: "The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People In History", + description: "One scientist caused two environmental disasters and the deaths of millions. A part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: \u{200b}https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!\n\nMassive thanks to Prof. Francois Tissot for suggesting we make a video on the topic of isotope geochemistry. Huge thanks to Prof. Bruce Lanphear for consulting with us on lead and cardiovascular diseases. Thanks to the Caltech Archives for the audio of Patterson’s interview. Thanks to Vincent Mai for lending us your Snatoms kit. Thanks to Rayner Moss for the help with the fire-piston.\n\nPatterson’s 1995 interview audio courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology.\n\n▀▀▀\nOther great resources you should check out:\nBill Bryson has a chapter in his fantastic “A Short History of Nearly Everything”\nRadiolab have a wonderful podcast: https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/...\nCosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey has a wonderful episode – S1E7 which does a great job of telling the story of Clair Patterson\nA fantastic Mental floss article – https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/9...\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\n\nMuch of the lead-crime hypothesis data is from Rick Nevin’s work – https://ricknevin.com/\n\nWHO factsheet on lead poisoning – https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh...\n\nWHO press release about the end of leaded gasoline https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/...\n\nUNICEF report – https://ve42.co/UNICEF\n\nNeedleman, H. (2004). Lead poisoning. Annu. Rev. Med., 55, 209-222. https://ve42.co/Needleman1\n\nNeedleman, H. L. (1991). Human lead exposure. CRC Press. https://ve42.co/Needleman2\n\nNeedleman, H. L. et al. (1979). Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. New England journal of medicine, 300(13), 689-695. – https://ve42.co/Needleman3\n\nNeedleman, H. L. et al. (1996). Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. Jama, 275(5), 363-369. https://ve42.co/Needleman4\n\nKovarik, W. J. (1993). The ethyl controversy: the news media and the public health debate over leaded gasoline, 1924-1926 https://ve42.co/Kovarik2\n\nEdelmann, F. T. (2016). The life and legacy of Thomas Midgley Jr. In Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania https://ve42.co/Edelmann\n\nMore, A. F. et al. (2017). Next‐generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death. GeoHealth, 1(4), 211-219. https://ve42.co/More1\n\nMcFarland, M. J., et al. (2022). PNAS 119(11), e2118631119. https://ve42.co/McFarland\n\nKovarik, W. (2005). Ethyl-leaded gasoline. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11(4), 384-397. https://ve42.co/Kovarik3\n\nNevin, R. (2007). Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental research, 104(3), 315-336. – https://ve42.co/Nevin2007\n\nEricson, J. E., et al. (1979). Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians. New England Journal of Medicine, 300(17), 946-951. – https://ve42.co/Ericson1\n\nPatterson, Claire. The Isotopic Composition of Trace Quantities of Lead and Calcium https://ve42.co/Patterson1\n\nBoutron, C. F., & Patterson, C. C. (1986). Lead concentration changes in Antarctic ice during the Wisconsin/Holocene transition. Nature, 323(6085), 222-225. – https://ve42.co/Boulton1\n\nPatterson, C. (1956). Age of meteorites and the earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10(4), 230-237. – https://ve42.co/Patterson2\n\nLanphear, B. P. et al (2018). Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e177-e184. – https://ve42.co/Lanphear1\n\nSchaule, B. K., & Patterson, C. C. (1981). Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 54(1), 97-116. – https://ve42.co/Schaule1\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Chris Stewart, and Katie Barnshaw\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nFilmed by Petr Lebedev\nAnimation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Caleb Worcester\nSFX by Shaun Clifford\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i2.ytimg.com/vi/IV3dnLzthDA/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-04-22T15:37:40Z", + update_date: "2022-11-16T20:30:43Z", + view_count: 23343903, + like_count: 727254, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "7ziWrneMYss", + title: "How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites", + description: "This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. To make antivenom, you first need to collect venom from the world’s most deadly snakes.\n\nHuge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Zac Bower for milking all of these snakes for us and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. Absolute legends. https://www.reptilepark.com.au\n\nHuge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson from the Australian Venom Research Unit for answering our questions, and fact checking the script. This video would not have been the same without you.\n\nThanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the horses and the antivenom production.\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\nCalmette, A. (1896). Le venin des serpents: Physiologie de l\'envenimation, traitement des morsures venimeuses par le sérum des animaux vaccinés. Paris: Société d\'éditions scientifiques.\n\nBroad, A. J., Sutherland, S. K., & Coulter, A. R. (1979). The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom. Toxicon, 17(6), 661-664. – https://ve42.co/Broad79\n\nWHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. (2016). WHO guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Geneve, Switzerland. – https://ve42.co/WHO2016\n\nCalmette, A. (1896). The treatment of animals poisoned with snake venom by the injection of antivenomous serum. British medical journal, 2(1859), 399. – https://ve42.co/Calmette1896\n\nHawgood, B. J. (1999). Doctor Albert Calmette 1863–1933: founder of antivenomous serotherapy and of antituberculous BCG vaccination. Toxicon, 37(9), 1241-1258. – https://ve42.co/Hawgood99\n\nPucca, M. B., Cerni, F. A., Janke, R., Bermúdez-Méndez, E., Ledsgaard, L., Barbosa, J. E., & Laustsen, A. H. (2019). History of envenoming therapy and current perspectives. Frontiers in immunology, 1598. – https://ve42.co/Pucca19\n\nKang, T. S., Georgieva, D., Genov, N., Murakami, M. T., Sinha, M., Kumar, R. P., ... & Kini, R. M. (2011). Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis. The FEBS journal, 278(23), 4544-4576. – https://ve42.co/Kang2011\n\nHawgood, B. J. (2007). Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guerin (1872–1961): the C and G of BCG vaccine. Journal of medical biography, 15(3), 139-146. – https://ve42.co/Hawgood2007\n\nVonk, F. J., Admiraal, J. F., Jackson, K., Reshef, R., de Bakker, M. A., Vanderschoot, K., ... & Richardson, M. K. (2008). Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs. Nature, 454(7204), 630-633. – https://ve42.co/vonk2008\n\nBochner, R. (2016). Paths to the discovery of antivenom serotherapy in France. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 22. – https://ve42.co/Bochner2016\n\nYoung, B. A., Herzog, F., Friedel, P., Rammensee, S., Bausch, A., & van Hemmen, J. L. (2011). Tears of venom: hydrodynamics of reptilian envenomation. Physical review letters, 106(19), 198103. – https://ve42.co/Young2011\n\nMadras Medical Journal, Volume Second, July-December 1870. Page 355\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller\nEdited by Trenton Oliver\nFilmed by Jason Tran and Petr Lebedev\nAnimation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov.\nMolecule animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Image\nB-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia\nMusic from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/7ziWrneMYss/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-03-22T11:55:53Z", + update_date: "2022-11-16T20:30:15Z", + view_count: 12335849, + like_count: 205458, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "GVsUOuSjvcg", + title: "Future Computers Will Be Radically Different (Analog Computing)", + description: "Visit https://brilliant.org/Veritasium/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription. Digital computers have served us well for decades, but the rise of artificial intelligence demands a totally new kind of computer: analog.\n\nThanks to Mike Henry and everyone at Mythic for the analog computing tour! https://www.mythic-ai.com/\nThanks to Dr. Bernd Ulmann, who created The Analog Thing and taught us how to use it. https://the-analog-thing.org\nMoore’s Law was filmed at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA.\nWelch Labs’ ALVINN video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0igiP6Hg1k\n\n▀▀▀\nReferences:\nCrevier, D. (1993). AI: The Tumultuous History Of The Search For Artificial Intelligence. Basic Books. – https://ve42.co/Crevier1993\nValiant, L. (2013). Probably Approximately Correct. HarperCollins. – https://ve42.co/Valiant2013\nRosenblatt, F. (1958). The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386-408. – https://ve42.co/Rosenblatt1958\nNEW NAVY DEVICE LEARNS BY DOING; Psychologist Shows Embryo of Computer Designed to Read and Grow Wiser (1958). The New York Times, p. 25. – https://ve42.co/NYT1958\nMason, H., Stewart, D., and Gill, B. (1958). Rival. The New Yorker, p. 45. – https://ve42.co/Mason1958\nAlvinn driving NavLab footage – https://ve42.co/NavLab\nPomerleau, D. (1989). ALVINN: An Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network. NeurIPS, (2)1, 305-313. – https://ve42.co/Pomerleau1989\nImageNet website – https://ve42.co/ImageNet\nRussakovsky, O., Deng, J. et al. (2015). ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge. – https://ve42.co/ImageNetChallenge\nAlexNet Paper: Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G. (2012). ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. NeurIPS, (25)1, 1097-1105. – https://ve42.co/AlexNet\nKarpathy, A. (2014). Blog post: What I learned from competing against a ConvNet on ImageNet. – https://ve42.co/Karpathy2014\nFick, D. (2018). Blog post: Mythic @ Hot Chips 2018. – https://ve42.co/MythicBlog\nJin, Y. & Lee, B. (2019). 2.2 Basic operations of flash memory. Advances in Computers, 114, 1-69. – https://ve42.co/Jin2019\nDemler, M. (2018). Mythic Multiplies in a Flash. The Microprocessor Report. – https://ve42.co/Demler2018\nAspinity (2021). Blog post: 5 Myths About AnalogML. – https://ve42.co/Aspinity\nWright, L. et al. (2022). Deep physical neural networks trained with backpropagation. Nature, 601, 49–555. – https://ve42.co/Wright2022\nWaldrop, M. M. (2016). The chips are down for Moore’s law. Nature, 530, 144–147. – https://ve42.co/Waldrop2016\n\n▀▀▀\nSpecial thanks to Patreon supporters: Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, 65square.com, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy \'kkm\' K\'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal\n\n▀▀▀\nWritten by Derek Muller, Stephen Welch, and Emily Zhang\nFilmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang\nAnimation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Stephen Welch\nEdited by Derek Muller\nAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5\nMusic from Epidemic Sound\nProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/GVsUOuSjvcg/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-03-01T11:37:38Z", + update_date: "2022-11-16T20:30:57Z", + view_count: 8949596, + like_count: 307507, + ), + ], + create_date: "2010-07-21T07:18:02Z", +) diff --git a/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_likes.snap b/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_likes.snap new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64f7733 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/client/snapshots/rustypipe__client__channel_rss__tests__map_channel_rss_no_likes.snap @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +--- +source: src/client/channel_rss.rs +expression: map_res +--- +ChannelRss( + id: "UCdfxp4cUWsWryZOy-o427dw", + name: "Nestlé", + videos: [ + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "Kti0T9JF0go", + title: "KitKat V PTC York Production | Nestlé B-Roll", + description: "Footage from the production for the test launch of KitKat V in 2021 at Nestlé’s Confectionery Product Technology Center in York. \n\nYou can download this B-roll stock footage from our corporate website here: http://www.nestle.com/media/videos\n\nFor regular Nestlé updates, follow:\nhttps://www.facebook.com/Nestle \nhttps://www.instagram.com/Nestle \nhttps://www.twitter.com/Nestle", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/Kti0T9JF0go/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-29T08:00:11Z", + update_date: "2022-08-29T08:18:04Z", + view_count: 422, + like_count: 0, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "0L2TOCyvCH8", + title: "KitKat V Hamburg Production | Nestlé B-Roll", + description: "Footage from the production line of KitKat V at Nestlé’s factory in Hamburg, Germany.\n\nYou can download this B-roll stock footage from our corporate website here: http://www.nestle.com/media/videos\n\nFor regular Nestlé updates, follow:\nhttps://www.facebook.com/Nestle \nhttps://www.instagram.com/Nestle \nhttps://www.twitter.com/Nestle", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/0L2TOCyvCH8/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-29T08:00:01Z", + update_date: "2022-08-29T08:18:08Z", + view_count: 500, + like_count: 0, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "PIXvtaQmnjA", + title: "R+D Accelerator | Nestlé Innovates", + description: "Our R&D Accelerator brings together Nestlé scientists, students and start-ups to advance science and technology by accelerating the development of innovative products and systems.\u{a0}\u{200b}Got an idea to submit? Go ahead! https://rdaccelerator.nestle.com/\n\n#Nestlé Innovates #shorts", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/PIXvtaQmnjA/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-25T15:38:47Z", + update_date: "2022-08-26T14:44:53Z", + view_count: 103, + like_count: 0, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "OAq0FBdxuuI", + title: "R+D Accelerator | Nestlé Innovates", + description: "Do you have an innovation you could unlock with Nestlé partnership? Our R&D Accelerator harnesses the expertise of Nestlé’s global R&D network in food and nutrition as well as leading academic institutions and a wide range of innovation partners, suppliers and start-ups. Find out how to advance your idea with science and technology here: https://rdaccelerator.nestle.com/\n\n#NestleInnovates #shorts", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/OAq0FBdxuuI/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-25T15:37:43Z", + update_date: "2022-08-26T14:08:38Z", + view_count: 70, + like_count: 0, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "rh2ryMOIQ8k", + title: "R+D Accelerator | Nestlé Innovates", + description: "Calling all food and nutrition entrepreneurs! Got an idea adn looking for the science, technology and experts to put it into action? Check out our R&D Accelerator that brings all those together in the pursuit of developing innovative products and systems: https://rdaccelerator.nestle.com/\n\n#NestleInnovates #shorts", + thumbnail: Thumbnail( + url: "https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/rh2ryMOIQ8k/hqdefault.jpg", + width: 480, + height: 360, + ), + publish_date: "2022-08-25T15:36:04Z", + update_date: "2022-08-26T08:24:59Z", + view_count: 85, + like_count: 0, + ), + ChannelRssVideo( + id: "Q0xHfgCmb0g", + title: "R+D Accelerator | Nestlé Innovates", + description: "Our R&D Accelerator brings together Nestlé scientists, students and start-ups to advance science and technology by accelerating the development of innovative products and systems.\u{a0}\u{200b}Got an idea to submit? 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They're not cheap + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-11-19T14:00:24+00:00 + 2022-11-21T17:29:37+00:00 + + The world depends on a collection of strange items. They're not cheap + + + This government warehouse keeps our entire society up to standard. Part of this video was sponsored by Google Domains. Take the first step to get online with a domain name from Google Domains - go to domains.google/veritasium to get 20% off your first year. #GoogleDomains + +▀▀▀ +Thanks to Rich Press and NIST for the great visit. +Thanks to Dr. Steve Choquette, Dr. Ben Place, and Dr. Johanna Camara for teaching us about the world of Standard Reference Materials. +You can check out all the cool work going on at NIST here: https://www.nist.gov/ + +▀▀▀ +References: + +NIST (2022). Standard Reference Materials. – https://ve42.co/WhyStandard2022 + +Montgomery, R. & Bercik, I. (2022). NIST Standard Reference Materials 2022 Catalog. – https://ve42.co/SRMCatalog + +Vincent, J. (2022). Made to measure: why we can’t stop quantifying our lives. The Guardian – +https://ve42.co/Vincent2022 + +Proffitt, A. (2022). NIST Develops Monkeypox Reference Materials, Sees Growing Role in Outbreak Response. Diagnostics World. – https://ve42.co/Proffitt2022 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: +James Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, Jim Buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller & Emily Zhang +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Animation by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov +Filmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang +Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 & Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:evUfG3lrk5U + evUfG3lrk5U + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + What Happens If A Star Explodes Near The Earth? + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-11-15T14:00:19+00:00 + 2022-11-18T23:26:46+00:00 + + What Happens If A Star Explodes Near The Earth? + + + People have witnessed supernovae for millennia, but what threat do they pose to life on Earth? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. + +▀▀▀ +A massive thanks to Prof. Hans-Thomas Janka for helping us with the physics of supernovae and GRBs. A massive thanks to Prof. Brian Thomas for all of his help with the terrestrial effects of supernovae and GRBs. This video would not have been possible without them. Also thanks to Dr. Luke Barnes for his initial help with the literature search. + +Hydrogen bomb vs Supernova fact was taken from this great article by xkcd/Randall Munroe – https://what-if.xkcd.com/73/ (based on the calculation by Andrew Karam, 2002) + +Cosmic bubble footage from +https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/1000-light-year-wide-bubble-surrounding-earth-source-all-nearby-young-stars + +Neutrino driven SN explosion simulations from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L42 + +▀▀▀ +References: + +Melott, A. et al. (2019). Hypothesis: Muon radiation dose and marine megafaunal extinction at the End-Pliocene supernova. Astrobiology, 19(6), 825-830. – https://ve42.co/Melott1 + +Thomas, B. C. et al. (2016). Terrestrial effects of nearby supernovae in the early Pleistocene. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 826(1), L3 – https://ve42.co/Thomas1 + +Melott, A. L., & Thomas, B. C. (2019). From cosmic explosions to terrestrial fires?. The Journal of Geology, 127(4), 475-481. – https://ve42.co/Melott2 + +Fields, B. et al. (2019). Near-Earth supernova explosions: Evidence, implications, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.04589. – https://ve42.co/Fields1 + +Thomas, B. C., Atri, D., & Melott, A. L. (2021). Gamma-ray bursts: not so much deadlier than we thought. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 500(2), 1970-1973. – https://ve42.co/Thomas2 + +Melott, A. et al. (2004). Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?. International Journal of Astrobiology, 3(1), 55-61. – https://ve42.co/Melott3 + +Firestone, R. B. (2014). Observation of 23 supernovae that exploded less than 300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr. The Astrophysical Journal, 789(1), 29. – https://ve42.co/firestone1 + +Janka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino emission from supernovae. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08713. – https://ve42.co/Janka1 + +Janka, H. T., & Hillebrandt, W. (1989). Neutrino emission from type II supernovae-an analysis of the spectra. Astronomy and astrophysics, 224, 49-56. – https://ve42.co/Janka2 + +Janka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino-driven explosions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08825. – https://ve42.co/Janka3 + +Karam, P. A. (2002). Gamma and neutrino radiation dose from gamma ray bursts and nearby supernovae. Health physics, 82(4), 491-499. – https://ve42.co/Karam1 + +Melott, A. L., Thomas, et al.. (2017). A supernova at 50 pc: effects on the Earth's atmosphere and biota. The Astrophysical Journal, 840(2), 105. – https://ve42.co/Melott4 + +Ludwig, P., et al. (2016). Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth’s microfossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9232-9237. – https://ve42.co/Ludwig1 + +Gritschneder, et al. (2011). The supernova triggered formation and enrichment of our solar system. The Astrophysical Journal, 745(1), 22. – https://ve42.co/Gritschneder1 + +Motizuki, Y., Takahashi, et al. (2009). An Antarctic ice core recording both supernovae and solar cycles. arXiv preprint arXiv:0902.3446. – https://ve42.co/Motizuki + +Zucker, C. et al. (2022). Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble. Nature, 601(7893), 334-337. – https://ve42.co/Zucker1 + +Hirata, K. et al.(1987). Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A. Physical Review Letters, 58(14), 1490. – https://ve42.co/Hirata1 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to our Patron supporters: +James Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi + +▀▀▀ +Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller +Edited by Fabio Albertelli +Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Charlie Davies +Filmed by Derek Muller +Additional Research by Kovi Rose & Katie Barnshaw +Video/photos supplied by NASA, ESA, Pond5, and Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:nmgFG7PUHfo + nmgFG7PUHfo + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The Algorithm That Transformed The World + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-11-03T12:52:34+00:00 + 2022-11-15T15:48:03+00:00 + + The Algorithm That Transformed The World + + + The Fast Fourier Transform is used everywhere but it has a fascinating origin story that could have ended the nuclear arms race. This video is sponsored by 80,000 Hours. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to sign up for their newsletter and get sent a free copy of their in-depth career guide. + +A huge thank you to Dr. Richard Garwin for taking the time to speak with us. +Thanks to Dr. Steve Brunton of the University of Washington for his help with understanding the Fast Fourier Transform. + +Thanks to Dr. Cliff Thurber of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Paul Richards of Columbia University, and Dr. Steven Gibbons of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute for their expertise. + +Thanks to Grant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown for his helpful feedback on the script. His great video on the Fourier Transform is here - https://youtu.be/spUNpyF58BY + +▀▀▀ +References: + +Kristensen, H.M., Korda, M. (2022). Status of World Nuclear Forces. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). https://ve42.co/Stockpile2022 + +Barth, K. H. (1998). Science and politics in early nuclear test ban negotiations. Physics Today, 51(3), 34-39. - https://ve42.co/Barth1998 + +Schmalberger, T. (1991). In pursuit of a nuclear test ban treaty - https://ve42.co/Schmalberger1991 + +Bowers, D., & Selby, N. D. (2009). Forensic seismology and the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 209-236 - https://ve42.co/Bowers2009 + +Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). (2022). How Often Do Earthquakes Occur? https://ve42.co/IRIS2022 + +Kimball, D. (2022). The Nuclear Testing Tally. Arms Control Association. https://ve42.co/TestTally2022 + +Kværna, T., & Ringdal, F. (2013). Detection capability of the seismic network of the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2A), 759-772 - https://ve42.co/Kvrna2013 + +Sykes, L. R., & Evernden, J. F. (1982). The verification of a comprehensive nuclear test ban. Scientific American, 247(4), 47-55 - https://ve42.co/Sykes1982 + +Peterson, J., & Hutt, C. R. (2014). World-wide standardized seismograph network: a data users guide (p. 82). US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. - https://ve42.co/Peterson2014 + +Richards, P. G., & Kim, W. Y. (2009). Monitoring for nuclear explosions. Scientific American, 300(3), 70-77 - https://ve42.co/Richards2009 + +Jacobsen, L. L., Fedorova, I., & Lajus, J. (2021). The seismograph as a diplomatic object: The Soviet–American exchange of instruments, 1958–1964. Centaurus, 63(2), 277-295 - https://ve42.co/Jacobsen2021 + +Schwartz S. I. (1998). The Hidden Costs Of Our Nuclear Arsenal: Overview Of Project Findings. The Brookings Institution - https://ve42.co/Schwartz1998 + +Ricón, J.L. (2016). The Soviet Union: Military Spending. Nintil - https://ve42.co/Nintil2016 + +Heideman, M. T., Johnson, D. H., & Burrus, C. S. (1985). Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform. Archive for history of exact sciences, 265-277 - https://ve42.co/Heideman1985 + +Ford, D. (2004). Richard Garwin - Session IV. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - https://ve42.co/Ford2004 + +Aaserud, F. (1986). Richard Garwin - Session I. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - https://ve42.co/Aaserud1986 + +Goldstein, A. (1997). James W. Cooley, an oral history. IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA - https://ve42.co/Goldstein1997 + +Cooley, J., Garwin, R., Rader, C., Bogert, B., & Stockham, T. (1969). The 1968 Arden House workshop on fast Fourier transform processing. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 17(2), 66-76 - https://ve42.co/Cooley1969 + + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: +Louis Lebbos, Elliot MIller, RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller & Felicity Nelson +Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno +Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, and Fabio Albertelli +Edited by Albert Leung & Derek Muller +Research Assistant: Katie Barnshaw +Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:NdWFCygzr8k + NdWFCygzr8k + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + Why do we launch rockets from Florida? + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-10-06T01:05:05+00:00 + 2022-10-22T12:16:50+00:00 + + Why do we launch rockets from Florida? + + + I always thought Florida seemed like a terrible place to launch anything from. + + + + + + + + yt:video:16Ci_2bN_zc + 16Ci_2bN_zc + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + How Dangerous is a Penny Dropped From a Skyscraper? + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-10-01T15:00:11+00:00 + 2022-11-16T19:56:16+00:00 + + How Dangerous is a Penny Dropped From a Skyscraper? + + + This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. Check out Adam Savage's video: https://youtu.be/h_zytOcMwys + +A massive thanks to Adam Savage and the whole Tested Crew – especially Kristen Lomasney, Ryan Kiser, and Joey Fameli. Thank you so much for coming out to the desert with us, and for inviting us to your cave! Check out the video we made with them on their channel – https://youtu.be/h_zytOcMwys + +Another huge thanks to iFly Ontario for letting us shoot in your amazing windtunnel. Special thanks to Diana Rios, Treasa Telle, Michelle Brumley for having us and Anthony Jones, Torrell Henderson and Nate Roth for being great instructors. iFly run STEM education trips, where you can experience terminal velocity first hand – https://www.iflyworld.com/programs/stem-field-trips/ + +Thanks to Inland Empire Film Services and the San Bernardino County Film Office for portions of the video shot in the County of San Bernardino. + +The raindrop video is from Alistair McClymont’s gorgeous artwork “Raindrop” – ​​https://alistairmcclymont.com/artwork/raindrop/ + +Video of the raindrop breaking apart is from the coolest paper i’ve read in a while – Villermaux, E., & Bossa, B. (2009). Single-drop fragmentation determines size distribution of raindrops. Nature physics, 5(9), 697-702. – https://ve42.co/Villermaux + + + +▀▀▀ +References: +Altair. (2019). Digital Debunking: Could a Penny Dropped Off the Top of the Empire State Building Actually Kill You? - https://ve42.co/Altair2019 + + +Braeunig, R.A. Atmosphere Properties. - https://ve42.co/AtmosProp + + +The Guardian. (2014). Brutal winter weather brings new challenge: ice falling from skyscrapers - https://ve42.co/WTCicicle + + +NASA. (2018). The Apollo 15 Hammer-Feather Drop - https://ve42.co/NASAmoondrop + + +Red Bull Stratos - https://ve42.co/RBStratos + + +Quealy, K., Sanger-KatzIn, M. (2015). In Other Countries, You’re as Likely to Be Killed by a Falling Object as by a Gun. New York Times. - https://ve42.co/NYTFallingObject + + +National Safety Council. (2022). Struck by Objects. - https://ve42.co/NSCStruck + + +Williams, A. (2019). What are your chances of being killed by hail in the US? - https://ve42.co/Williams2019 + + +NewScientist. (2021). Can bullets fired upwards cause injuries when they return to earth? - https://ve42.co/CelebratoryGunFire + +Chambers, J. (2020). Meet the Flechette – the Deadliest Weapon of World War I? - https://ve42.co/Flechette + +Wikipedia. Lazy Dog (bomb). - https://ve42.co/LazyDog + +Gläser, N., Kneubuehl, B. P., Zuber, S., Axmann, S., Ketterer, T., Thali, M. J., & Bolliger, S. A. (2011). Biomechanical examination of blunt trauma due to baseball bat blows to the head. Journal of Forensic Biomechanics, 2 - https://ve42.co/Glaser2011 + +Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., SANCES JR, A. N. T. H. O. N. Y., Walsh, P. R., Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., & Snyder, R. G. (1995). Biomechanics of skull fracture. Journal of neurotrauma, 12(4), 659-668. + +New York Times. (2014). Falling Tape Measure Kills Man at Jersey City Construction Site - The New York Times - https://ve42.co/NYTTapeMeasure + +IMDb. (2006). "MythBusters" Bullets Fired Up (TV Episode). - https://ve42.co/MBgunfire + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to: Elliot MIller, Louis Lebbos, RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Nathan Lanza, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Robert Blum, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, and Emily Zhang +Filmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Raquel Nuno and Eddie Lopez +Animation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jakub Misiek +Edited by Trenton Oliver and Derek Muller +FPV Drone Pilots: Sammie Saing and Josh Ewalt +Slow Motion Camera: Shawn Sanders and Anthony Corrales +Phantom slow motion camera & lenses provided by Panny Hire L.A +Helicopter Pilots: Rick Shuster and Cliff Fleming +Helicopter Safety Officer: Ryan Hosking +Production Assistants: Roman Bacvic and Eddie Lopez +Research Assistant: Katie Barnshaw +Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:daaDuC1kbds + daaDuC1kbds + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + World's Highest Jumping Robot + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-08-31T13:00:16+00:00 + 2022-09-13T15:21:37+00:00 + + World's Highest Jumping Robot + + + This tiny robot can jump higher than anything else in the world. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. + +Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes and the rest of the group - Charles Xiao, Chris Keeley, Dr. Morgan Pope, and Dr. Günter Niemeyer - for having us at UCSB and showing us their high-flying jumper. This work was partially supported by an Early Career Faculty Grant from NASA’s Space Technology Research Grants Program. + +▀▀▀ +References: + +Hawkes, E.W., Xiao, C., Peloquin, R., Keeley, C., Begley, M.R., Pope, M.T., & Niemeyer, G. (2022). Engineered jumpers overcome biological limits via work multiplication. Nature, 604, 657-661. – https://rdcu.be/cMePc +https://ve42.co/Hawkes2022 +Fernandez, S. (2022). Hitting New Heights. The Current, UC Santa Barbara. – https://ve42.co/Fernandez2022 +Bushwick, S. (2022). Record-Breaking Jumping Robot Can Leap a 10-Story Building. Engineering, Scientific American. – https://ve42.co/Bushwick2022 +Mack, E. (2022). This Robot Can Leap Nine Stories in One Jump, Will Go Even Higher on Moon. Science, CNET. – https://ve42.co/Mack2022 +Ashby, M. (2020). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (4th edition). Elsevier. +Jumping robot leaps to record heights. Nature Video - https://ve42.co/NatureJumper +MultiMo-Bat Robot - https://ve42.co/MultiMoBat +Galago Jump - https://ve42.co/GalagoJump +Slingshot Spider - https://ve42.co/SlingshotSpider + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Nathan Lanza, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Robert Blum, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller +Filmed by Derek Muller and Trenton Oliver +Animation by Mike Radjabov and Ivy Tello +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:5eW6Eagr9XA + 5eW6Eagr9XA + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The 4 things it takes to be an expert + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-08-02T16:51:13+00:00 + 2022-08-13T08:54:40+00:00 + + The 4 things it takes to be an expert + + + Which experts have real expertise? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. + +Thanks to https://www.chess24.com/ and Chessable for the clip of Magnus. + +▀▀▀ +Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology, 4(1), 55-81. – https://ve42.co/chess1 + +Calderwood, R., Klein, G. A., & Crandall, B. W. (1988). Time pressure, skill, and move quality in chess. The American Journal of Psychology, 481-493. – https://ve42.co/chess2 + +Hogarth, R. M., Lejarraga, T., & Soyer, E. (2015). The two settings of kind and wicked learning environments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 379-385. – https://ve42.co/Hogarth + +Ægisdóttir, S., White, M. J., Spengler, P. M., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., ... & Rush, J. D. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(3), 341-382. – https://ve42.co/anderson1 + +Ericsson, K. A. (2015). Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice. Academic Medicine, 90(11), 1471-1486. – https://ve42.co/anderson2 + +Goldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1. – https://ve42.co/goldberg1 + +Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363. – https://ve42.co/anderson3 + +Egan, D. E., & Schwartz, B. J. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory & Cognition, 7(2), 149-158. – https://ve42.co/chunking1 + +Tetlock, P. E. (2017). Expert political judgment. In Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press. – https://ve42.co/Tetlock + +Melton, R. S. (1952). A comparison of clinical and actuarial methods of prediction with an assessment of the relative accuracy of different clinicians. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota. + +Meehl, E. P. (1954). Clinical versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. University of Minnesota Press. – https://ve42.co/Meehl1954 + +Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. – https://ve42.co/Kahneman + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev +Animation by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli +Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound (https://ve42.co/music) +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:EvknN89JoWo + EvknN89JoWo + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-07-22T17:03:09+00:00 + 2022-09-08T20:14:32+00:00 + + The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions + + + Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription! + +▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ +A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles + +Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2 + +Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg + +Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video. + +▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ +References: + +The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – +Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil + +Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles + +Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg + +Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate + +Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles + +Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017 + +Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva + +Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues + +Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison + +Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes + +▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ +Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies +SFX by Shaun Clifford +Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno +Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music + + + + + + + + yt:video:iSNsgj1OCLA + iSNsgj1OCLA + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The Riddle That Seems Impossible Even If You Know The Answer + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-06-30T12:20:58+00:00 + 2022-07-27T02:26:52+00:00 + + The Riddle That Seems Impossible Even If You Know The Answer + + + The 100 Prisoners Riddle feels completely impossible even once you know the answer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. + +Special thanks to Destin of Smarter Every Day (https://ve42.co/SED), Toby of Tibees (https://ve42.co/Tibees), and Jabril of Jabrils (https://ve42.co/Jabrils) for taking the time to think about this mind bending riddle. + +Huge thanks to Luke West for building plots and for his help with the math. +Huge thanks to Dr. Eugene Curtin and Dr. Max Warshauer for their great article on the problem and taking the time to help us understand it: https://ve42.co/CurtinWarshauer +Thanks to Dr. John Baez for his help with finding alternate ways to do the calculations. +Thanks to Simon Pampena for his input and analysis. + +Other 100 Prisoners Riddle videos: +minutephysics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5-I0bAuEUE +Vsauce2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOnEEeHZp94 +Stand-up Maths: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1DUUnhk3uE +TED-Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIdStMTgNl0 + +▀▀▀ +References: +Original paper: Gál, A., & Miltersen, P.B. (2003). The Cell Probe Complexity of Succinct Data Structures. BRICS, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus. All rights reserved. – https://ve42.co/GalMiltersen +Winkler, P. (2006). Seven Puzzles You Think You Must Not Have Heard Correctly. – https://ve42.co/Winkler2006 +The 100 Prisoners Problem – https://ve42.co/100PWiki +Golomb, S. & Gaal, P. (1998). On the Number of Permutations on n Objects with Greatest Cycle Length k. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 20(1), 98-107. – https://ve42.co/Golomb1998 +Lamb, E. (2012). Puzzling Prisoners Presented to Promote North America's Only Museum of Math. Observations, Scientific American. – https://ve42.co/Lamb2012 +Permutations – https://ve42.co/PermutationsWiki +Probability that a random permutation of n elements has a cycle of length k greater than n/2, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/BaezProbSE +Counting Cycle Structures in Sn, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/CountCyclesSE +What is the distribution of cycle lengths in derangements? In particular, expected longest cycle, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/JorikiSE +The Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim - Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1). – https://www.manim.community/ + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang +Filmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev +Animation by Ivy Tello and Jesús Rascón +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:6etTERFUlUI + 6etTERFUlUI + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The Absurd Search For Dark Matter + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-06-02T12:06:02+00:00 + 2022-07-17T17:05:49+00:00 + + The Absurd Search For Dark Matter + + + This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. Astronomers think there should be 5 times as much dark matter as ordinary matter – a shadow universe that makes up most of the mass in the universe. But after decades of trying, no experiments have found any trace of dark matter – except one. + +A massive thanks to the wonderful people at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Physics https://www.centredarkmatter.org for showing us around and being on camera – Fleur Morrison, A/Prof Phillip Urquijo, Prof Elisabetta Barberio, Madeleine Zurowski and Grace Lawrence. +Thanks to Leo Fincher-Johnson and everyone at the Stawell gold mine for having us. +Massive thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis – Geraint has been Veritasium’s go-to expert for anything astrophysics and cosmology related. Please check out his website, and buy his books, they’re great – https://www.geraintflewis.com +Thanks to Prof. Timothy Tait for the help to make sure we got the science right. +Thanks to Ingo Berg for illustrating the effect of dark matter on the rotation of a galaxy https://beltoforion.de/en/spiral_galaxy_renderer/spiral-galaxy-renderer.html + +▀▀▀ +Galaxy cluster simulation from IllustrisTNG – https://www.tng-project.org +Venn Diagram of Dark Matter from Tim Tait – https://ve42.co/venn +The Bullet Cluster Image from Magellan, Hubble and Chandra telescopes – https://ve42.co/BC2 +Bullet cluster animation from Andrew Robertson / Institute for Computational Cosmology / Durham University – https://ve42.co/BC3 + +▀▀▀ +Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Cerulli, R., Dai, C. J., d’Angelo, A., ... & Ye, Z. P. (2008). First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI. The European Physical Journal C, 56(3), 333-355. – https://ve42.co/DAMA2008 + +Zwicky, F. (1933). Die rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen nebeln. Helvetica physica acta, 6, 110-127. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky1 + +Zwicky, F. (1937). On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae. The Astrophysical Journal, 86, 217. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky2 + +Rubin, V. C., & Ford Jr, W. K. (1970). Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. The Astrophysical Journal, 159, 379. – https://ve42.co/Rubin1 + +Bosma, A., & Van der Kruit, P. C. (1979). The local mass-to-light ratio in spiral galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 79, 281-286. – https://ve42.co/Bosma1 + +Milgrom, M. (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 270, 365-370. – https://ve42.co/mond1 + +Sanders, R. H., & McGaugh, S. S. (2002). Modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to dark matter. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 40(1), 263-317. – https://ve42.co/Mond2 + +M. Markevitch; A. H. Gonzalez; D. Clowe; A. Vikhlinin; L. David; W. Forman; C. Jones; S. Murray & W. Tucker (2004). "Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56". Astrophys. J. 606 (2): 819–824. – https://ve42.co/BC1 + +Great website about the CMB – http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/intermediate/driving2.html + +Galli, S., Iocco, F., Bertone, G., & Melchiorri, A. (2009). CMB constraints on dark matter models with large annihilation cross section. Physical Review D, 80(2), 023505. – https://ve42.co/CMB1 + +Antonello, M., Barberio, E., Baroncelli, T., Benziger, J., Bignell, L. J., Bolognino, I., ... & Xu, J. (2019). The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle. The European Physical Journal C, 79(4), 1-8. – https://ve42.co/SABRE1 + + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Animation by Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov +Filmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Image +B-roll supplied by Stawell Gold Mine +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:Q1bSDnuIPbo + Q1bSDnuIPbo + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + How did they actually take this picture? (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-05-12T14:52:13+00:00 + 2022-09-06T13:18:59+00:00 + + How did they actually take this picture? (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) + + + This is an image of the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. +Visit https://www.kiwico.com/veritasium30 to get 30% off your first month of any crate! + +▀▀▀ +Image of Sgr A* from EHT collaboration +Event Horizon Telescope collaboration: https://ve42.co/EHT + +Animations from The Relativistic Astrophysics group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. Massive thanks to Prof. Luciano Rezzolla, Dr Christian Fromm and Dr Alejandro Cruz-Osorio. + +A huge thanks to Prof. Peter Tuthill and Dr Manisha Caleb for feedback on earlier versions of this video and helping explain VLBI. + +Great video by Thatcher Chamberlin about VLBI here – https://youtu.be/Y8rAHTvpJbk + +Animations and simulations with English text: +L. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt) +https://youtu.be/jvftAadCFRI + +Video of stars going around Sgr A* from European Southern Observatory +https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1825e/ + +Video zooming into the center of our galaxy from European Southern Observatory +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXAU0gzsPOw + +Video of observation of M87 courtesy of: +C. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt) +https://youtu.be/meOKmzhTcIY + +Video of observation of SgrA* courtesy of +C. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt) +Z. Younsi (University College London) +https://youtu.be/VnsZj9RvhFU + +Video of telescopes in the array 2017: +C. M. Fromm & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt) +https://youtu.be/Ame7fzBuFnk + +Animations and simulations (no text): +L. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt) +https://youtu.be/XmvpKFSvB7A + + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller +Animation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Maria Raykova +Filmed by Petr Lebedev + + + + + + + + yt:video:oI_X2cMHNe0 + oI_X2cMHNe0 + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + How Electricity Actually Works + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-04-29T13:59:54+00:00 + 2022-08-03T23:51:20+00:00 + + How Electricity Actually Works + + + This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. + +Special thanks to: +Bruce Sherwood, Ruth Chabay, Aaron Titus, and Steve Spicklemore +https://matterandinteractions.org +VPython simulation: http://tinyurl.com/SurfaceCharge + +Thanks to Ansys for help with the simulations: https://www.ansys.com/products/electronics/ansys-hfss + +Huge thanks to Richard Abbott from Caltech for all his modeling + +Electrical Engineering YouTubers: +Electroboom: https://www.youtube.com/c/Electroboom +Alpha Phoenix: https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel +eevblog: https://www.youtube.com/c/EevblogDave +Ben Watson: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgZUVIEtBnnBpFWJuxl_E5g +Big Clive: https://www.youtube.com/c/Bigclive +Z Y: https://www.youtube.com/user/ZongyiYang +NYU Quantum Technology Lab +https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk7io8SN3ZwKvkpnMCbIGsA +Dr. Ben Miles +https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUeZBocfxALSUdOgNJB5ySA +Further analysis of the large circuit is available here: https://ve42.co/bigcircuit + +Special thanks to Dr Geraint Lewis for bringing up this question in the first place and discussing it with us. Check out his and Dr Chris Ferrie’s new book here: https://ve42.co/Universe2021 + +▀▀▀ +References: +A great video about the Poynting vector by the Science Asylum: https://youtu.be/C7tQJ42nGno + +Sefton, I. M. (2002). Understanding electricity and circuits: What the text books don’t tell you. In Science Teachers’ Workshop. -- https://ve42.co/Sefton + +Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1965). The feynman lectures on physics; vol. Ii, chapter 27. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. -- https://ve42.co/Feynman27 + +Hunt, B. J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell University Press. + +Müller, R. (2012). A semiquantitative treatment of surface charges in DC circuits. American Journal of Physics, 80(9), 782-788. -- https://ve42.co/Muller2012 + +Galili, I., & Goihbarg, E. (2005). Energy transfer in electrical circuits: A qualitative account. American journal of physics, 73(2), 141-144. -- https://ve42.co/Galili2004 + +Deno, D. W. (1976). Transmission line fields. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 95(5), 1600-1611. -- https://ve42.co/Deno76 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller +Edited by Derek Muller +Filmed by Trenton Oliver and Petr Lebedev +Animation by Mike Radjabov and Ivy Tello +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:IV3dnLzthDA + IV3dnLzthDA + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People In History + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-04-22T15:37:40+00:00 + 2022-11-16T20:30:43+00:00 + + The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People In History + + + One scientist caused two environmental disasters and the deaths of millions. A part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription! + +Massive thanks to Prof. Francois Tissot for suggesting we make a video on the topic of isotope geochemistry. Huge thanks to Prof. Bruce Lanphear for consulting with us on lead and cardiovascular diseases. Thanks to the Caltech Archives for the audio of Patterson’s interview. Thanks to Vincent Mai for lending us your Snatoms kit. Thanks to Rayner Moss for the help with the fire-piston. + +Patterson’s 1995 interview audio courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology. + +▀▀▀ +Other great resources you should check out: +Bill Bryson has a chapter in his fantastic “A Short History of Nearly Everything” +Radiolab have a wonderful podcast: https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/... +Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey has a wonderful episode – S1E7 which does a great job of telling the story of Clair Patterson +A fantastic Mental floss article – https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/9... + +▀▀▀ +References: + +Much of the lead-crime hypothesis data is from Rick Nevin’s work – https://ricknevin.com/ + +WHO factsheet on lead poisoning – https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh... + +WHO press release about the end of leaded gasoline https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/... + +UNICEF report – https://ve42.co/UNICEF + +Needleman, H. (2004). Lead poisoning. Annu. Rev. Med., 55, 209-222. https://ve42.co/Needleman1 + +Needleman, H. L. (1991). Human lead exposure. CRC Press. https://ve42.co/Needleman2 + +Needleman, H. L. et al. (1979). Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. New England journal of medicine, 300(13), 689-695. – https://ve42.co/Needleman3 + +Needleman, H. L. et al. (1996). Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. Jama, 275(5), 363-369. https://ve42.co/Needleman4 + +Kovarik, W. J. (1993). The ethyl controversy: the news media and the public health debate over leaded gasoline, 1924-1926 https://ve42.co/Kovarik2 + +Edelmann, F. T. (2016). The life and legacy of Thomas Midgley Jr. In Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania https://ve42.co/Edelmann + +More, A. F. et al. (2017). Next‐generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death. GeoHealth, 1(4), 211-219. https://ve42.co/More1 + +McFarland, M. J., et al. (2022). PNAS 119(11), e2118631119. https://ve42.co/McFarland + +Kovarik, W. (2005). Ethyl-leaded gasoline. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11(4), 384-397. https://ve42.co/Kovarik3 + +Nevin, R. (2007). Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental research, 104(3), 315-336. – https://ve42.co/Nevin2007 + +Ericson, J. E., et al. (1979). Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians. New England Journal of Medicine, 300(17), 946-951. – https://ve42.co/Ericson1 + +Patterson, Claire. The Isotopic Composition of Trace Quantities of Lead and Calcium https://ve42.co/Patterson1 + +Boutron, C. F., & Patterson, C. C. (1986). Lead concentration changes in Antarctic ice during the Wisconsin/Holocene transition. Nature, 323(6085), 222-225. – https://ve42.co/Boulton1 + +Patterson, C. (1956). Age of meteorites and the earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10(4), 230-237. – https://ve42.co/Patterson2 + +Lanphear, B. P. et al (2018). Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e177-e184. – https://ve42.co/Lanphear1 + +Schaule, B. K., & Patterson, C. C. (1981). Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 54(1), 97-116. – https://ve42.co/Schaule1 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Chris Stewart, and Katie Barnshaw +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Filmed by Petr Lebedev +Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Caleb Worcester +SFX by Shaun Clifford +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:7ziWrneMYss + 7ziWrneMYss + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-03-22T11:55:53+00:00 + 2022-11-16T20:30:15+00:00 + + How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites + + + This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. To make antivenom, you first need to collect venom from the world’s most deadly snakes. + +Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Zac Bower for milking all of these snakes for us and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. Absolute legends. https://www.reptilepark.com.au + +Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson from the Australian Venom Research Unit for answering our questions, and fact checking the script. This video would not have been the same without you. + +Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the horses and the antivenom production. + +▀▀▀ +References: +Calmette, A. (1896). Le venin des serpents: Physiologie de l'envenimation, traitement des morsures venimeuses par le sérum des animaux vaccinés. Paris: Société d'éditions scientifiques. + +Broad, A. J., Sutherland, S. K., & Coulter, A. R. (1979). The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom. Toxicon, 17(6), 661-664. – https://ve42.co/Broad79 + +WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. (2016). WHO guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Geneve, Switzerland. – https://ve42.co/WHO2016 + +Calmette, A. (1896). The treatment of animals poisoned with snake venom by the injection of antivenomous serum. British medical journal, 2(1859), 399. – https://ve42.co/Calmette1896 + +Hawgood, B. J. (1999). Doctor Albert Calmette 1863–1933: founder of antivenomous serotherapy and of antituberculous BCG vaccination. Toxicon, 37(9), 1241-1258. – https://ve42.co/Hawgood99 + +Pucca, M. B., Cerni, F. A., Janke, R., Bermúdez-Méndez, E., Ledsgaard, L., Barbosa, J. E., & Laustsen, A. H. (2019). History of envenoming therapy and current perspectives. Frontiers in immunology, 1598. – https://ve42.co/Pucca19 + +Kang, T. S., Georgieva, D., Genov, N., Murakami, M. T., Sinha, M., Kumar, R. P., ... & Kini, R. M. (2011). Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis. The FEBS journal, 278(23), 4544-4576. – https://ve42.co/Kang2011 + +Hawgood, B. J. (2007). Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guerin (1872–1961): the C and G of BCG vaccine. Journal of medical biography, 15(3), 139-146. – https://ve42.co/Hawgood2007 + +Vonk, F. J., Admiraal, J. F., Jackson, K., Reshef, R., de Bakker, M. A., Vanderschoot, K., ... & Richardson, M. K. (2008). Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs. Nature, 454(7204), 630-633. – https://ve42.co/vonk2008 + +Bochner, R. (2016). Paths to the discovery of antivenom serotherapy in France. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 22. – https://ve42.co/Bochner2016 + +Young, B. A., Herzog, F., Friedel, P., Rammensee, S., Bausch, A., & van Hemmen, J. L. (2011). Tears of venom: hydrodynamics of reptilian envenomation. Physical review letters, 106(19), 198103. – https://ve42.co/Young2011 + +Madras Medical Journal, Volume Second, July-December 1870. Page 355 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller +Edited by Trenton Oliver +Filmed by Jason Tran and Petr Lebedev +Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov. +Molecule animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Image +B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia +Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + + yt:video:GVsUOuSjvcg + GVsUOuSjvcg + UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + Future Computers Will Be Radically Different (Analog Computing) + + + Veritasium + https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA + + 2022-03-01T11:37:38+00:00 + 2022-11-16T20:30:57+00:00 + + Future Computers Will Be Radically Different (Analog Computing) + + + Visit https://brilliant.org/Veritasium/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription. Digital computers have served us well for decades, but the rise of artificial intelligence demands a totally new kind of computer: analog. + +Thanks to Mike Henry and everyone at Mythic for the analog computing tour! https://www.mythic-ai.com/ +Thanks to Dr. Bernd Ulmann, who created The Analog Thing and taught us how to use it. https://the-analog-thing.org +Moore’s Law was filmed at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA. +Welch Labs’ ALVINN video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0igiP6Hg1k + +▀▀▀ +References: +Crevier, D. (1993). AI: The Tumultuous History Of The Search For Artificial Intelligence. Basic Books. – https://ve42.co/Crevier1993 +Valiant, L. (2013). Probably Approximately Correct. HarperCollins. – https://ve42.co/Valiant2013 +Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386-408. – https://ve42.co/Rosenblatt1958 +NEW NAVY DEVICE LEARNS BY DOING; Psychologist Shows Embryo of Computer Designed to Read and Grow Wiser (1958). The New York Times, p. 25. – https://ve42.co/NYT1958 +Mason, H., Stewart, D., and Gill, B. (1958). Rival. The New Yorker, p. 45. – https://ve42.co/Mason1958 +Alvinn driving NavLab footage – https://ve42.co/NavLab +Pomerleau, D. (1989). ALVINN: An Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network. NeurIPS, (2)1, 305-313. – https://ve42.co/Pomerleau1989 +ImageNet website – https://ve42.co/ImageNet +Russakovsky, O., Deng, J. et al. (2015). ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge. – https://ve42.co/ImageNetChallenge +AlexNet Paper: Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G. (2012). ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. NeurIPS, (25)1, 1097-1105. – https://ve42.co/AlexNet +Karpathy, A. (2014). Blog post: What I learned from competing against a ConvNet on ImageNet. – https://ve42.co/Karpathy2014 +Fick, D. (2018). Blog post: Mythic @ Hot Chips 2018. – https://ve42.co/MythicBlog +Jin, Y. & Lee, B. (2019). 2.2 Basic operations of flash memory. Advances in Computers, 114, 1-69. – https://ve42.co/Jin2019 +Demler, M. (2018). Mythic Multiplies in a Flash. The Microprocessor Report. – https://ve42.co/Demler2018 +Aspinity (2021). Blog post: 5 Myths About AnalogML. – https://ve42.co/Aspinity +Wright, L. et al. (2022). Deep physical neural networks trained with backpropagation. Nature, 601, 49–555. – https://ve42.co/Wright2022 +Waldrop, M. M. (2016). The chips are down for Moore’s law. Nature, 530, 144–147. – https://ve42.co/Waldrop2016 + +▀▀▀ +Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, 65square.com, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal + +▀▀▀ +Written by Derek Muller, Stephen Welch, and Emily Zhang +Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang +Animation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Stephen Welch +Edited by Derek Muller +Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 +Music from Epidemic Sound +Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang + + + + + + + From f7b7c1954c011dbdf97430b388aa661ca9e9238f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ThetaDev Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 19:37:57 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] refactor: use serde_with::rust::deserialize_ignore_any --- src/client/response/channel.rs | 8 +++----- src/client/response/music_item.rs | 7 +++---- src/client/response/music_search.rs | 6 +++--- src/client/response/playlist.rs | 8 +++++--- src/client/response/video_details.rs | 8 +++----- src/client/response/video_item.rs | 7 ++++--- src/serializer/mod.rs | 29 ++-------------------------- 7 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/client/response/channel.rs b/src/client/response/channel.rs index 1092fe8..a8abe40 100644 --- a/src/client/response/channel.rs +++ b/src/client/response/channel.rs @@ -1,10 +1,8 @@ use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::serde_as; -use serde_with::{DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; use super::url_endpoint::NavigationEndpoint; use super::{Alert, ChannelBadge, ContentsRenderer, ResponseContext, Thumbnails, YouTubeListItem}; -use crate::serializer::ignore_any; use crate::serializer::{text::Text, MapResult, VecLogError}; #[serde_as] @@ -108,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ChannelContent { }, ChannelAboutFullMetadataRenderer(ChannelFullMetadata), #[default] - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } @@ -154,7 +152,7 @@ pub(crate) enum CarouselHeaderRendererItem { #[serde(default)] avatar: Thumbnails, }, - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/client/response/music_item.rs b/src/client/response/music_item.rs index 0ca66f9..6ece502 100644 --- a/src/client/response/music_item.rs +++ b/src/client/response/music_item.rs @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::{serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; use crate::{ model::{ @@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::{ }, param::Language, serializer::{ - ignore_any, text::{Text, TextComponents}, MapResult, VecLogError, }, @@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ItemSection { #[serde_as(as = "VecLogError<_>")] contents: MapResult>, }, - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } @@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ pub(crate) struct PlaylistPanelRenderer { #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")] pub(crate) enum PlaylistPanelVideo { PlaylistPanelVideoRenderer(QueueMusicItem), - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/client/response/music_search.rs b/src/client/response/music_search.rs index d853759..e95e373 100644 --- a/src/client/response/music_search.rs +++ b/src/client/response/music_search.rs @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::{serde_as, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, VecSkipError}; -use crate::serializer::{ignore_any, text::Text}; +use crate::serializer::text::Text; use super::{music_item::MusicShelf, ContentsRenderer, SectionList, Tab}; @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ItemSection { #[serde_as(as = "VecSkipError<_>")] contents: Vec, }, - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/client/response/playlist.rs b/src/client/response/playlist.rs index 10feacc..0da5571 100644 --- a/src/client/response/playlist.rs +++ b/src/client/response/playlist.rs @@ -1,8 +1,10 @@ use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::{json::JsonString, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{ + json::JsonString, rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError, +}; use crate::serializer::text::{Text, TextComponent}; -use crate::serializer::{ignore_any, MapResult, VecLogError}; +use crate::serializer::{MapResult, VecLogError}; use crate::util::MappingError; use super::{ @@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ pub(crate) enum PlaylistItem { continuation_endpoint: ContinuationEndpoint, }, /// No video list item (e.g. ad) or unimplemented item - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/client/response/video_details.rs b/src/client/response/video_details.rs index 8f78d39..78cc816 100644 --- a/src/client/response/video_details.rs +++ b/src/client/response/video_details.rs @@ -1,12 +1,10 @@ #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)] use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::serde_as; -use serde_with::{DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; use crate::serializer::text::TextComponent; use crate::serializer::{ - ignore_any, text::{AccessibilityText, AttributedText, Text, TextComponents}, MapResult, VecLogError, }; @@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ pub(crate) enum VideoResultsItem { /// 1. sectionIdentifier: "comments-entry-point", contains number of comments /// 2. sectionIdentifier: "comment-item-section", contains continuation token ItemSectionRenderer(#[serde_as(deserialize_as = "DefaultOnError")] ItemSection), - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } @@ -335,7 +333,7 @@ pub(crate) enum EngagementPanelRenderer { /// (Description already included in `VideoSecondaryInfoRenderer`) /// - `engagement-panel-searchable-transcript` /// (basically video subtitles in a different format) - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/client/response/video_item.rs b/src/client/response/video_item.rs index c3e4fc3..77184a0 100644 --- a/src/client/response/video_item.rs +++ b/src/client/response/video_item.rs @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ use fancy_regex::Regex; use once_cell::sync::Lazy; use serde::Deserialize; -use serde_with::{json::JsonString, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError}; +use serde_with::{ + json::JsonString, rust::deserialize_ignore_any, serde_as, DefaultOnError, VecSkipError, +}; use time::{Duration, OffsetDateTime}; use super::{ChannelBadge, ContinuationEndpoint, Thumbnails}; @@ -9,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::{ model::{Channel, ChannelId, ChannelItem, ChannelTag, PlaylistItem, VideoItem, YouTubeItem}, param::Language, serializer::{ - ignore_any, text::{AccessibilityText, Text, TextComponent}, MapResult, VecLogError, }, @@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ pub(crate) enum YouTubeListItem { /// Unimplemented: /// - compactPlaylistRenderer (recommended playlists) /// - compactRadioRenderer (recommended mix) - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, } diff --git a/src/serializer/mod.rs b/src/serializer/mod.rs index 6e86ae5..85eabb9 100644 --- a/src/serializer/mod.rs +++ b/src/serializer/mod.rs @@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ pub use vec_log_err::VecLogError; use std::fmt::Debug; -use serde::{de::IgnoredAny, Deserializer}; - /// This represents a result from a deserializing/mapping operation. /// It holds the desired content (`c`) and a list of warning messages, /// if there occurred minor error during the deserializing or mapping @@ -43,33 +41,10 @@ where } } -/// Deserialization method that consumes anything and returns an empty value. -/// Intended to be used for a wildcard enum option. -/// -/// Example: -/// ```rs -/// #[derive(Deserialize)] -/// enum Fruit { -/// Apple { -/// red: bool, -/// }, -/// Banana { -/// yellow: bool, -/// }, -/// #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_blackhole")] -/// None, -/// } -/// ``` -pub fn ignore_any<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<(), D::Error> -where - D: Deserializer<'de>, -{ - deserializer.deserialize_ignored_any(IgnoredAny).and(Ok(())) -} - #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use serde::Deserialize; + use serde_with::rust::deserialize_ignore_any; use super::*; @@ -81,7 +56,7 @@ mod tests { Banana { yellow: bool, }, - #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "ignore_any")] + #[serde(other, deserialize_with = "deserialize_ignore_any")] None, }