yt:channel:HnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA HnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2010-07-21T07:18:02+00:00 yt:video:czjisEGe5Cw czjisEGe5Cw UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-10-31T23:00:20+00:00 2023-11-01T15:51:15+00:00 The Problem With Science Communication To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R And Geraint Lewis: https://www.geraintflewis.com/ ▀▀▀ Images and references: Holographic wormhole, via Nature - https://ve42.co/Holographic ‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature - https://ve42.co/NatureWormhole Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice - https://ve42.co/ViceWormhole ‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World - https://ve42.co/PWTeleportation ‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta - https://ve42.co/QuantaWormhole ‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times - https://ve42.co/NYTWormhole ‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta - https://ve42.co/QuantaYTWormhole Quantum computer imagery, via Quantumai - https://ve42.co/Quantumai ‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News - https://ve42.co/SkyWormhole ‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNWormhole ‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press - https://ve42.co/APWormhole ‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE - https://ve42.co/JRE AskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit - https://ve42.co/ClimateAMA ‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford - https://ve42.co/AndreiLinde ‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/Waves2Dust ‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv - https://ve42.co/Superconductor ‘What's the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News - https://ve42.co/GlobalLK99 Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter - https://ve42.co/Meissner ‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube - https://ve42.co/BreakingPoints ‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ - https://ve42.co/WSJSuperconductor LK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles - https://ve42.co/KL99Forum Copper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials - https://ve42.co/CopperGraph LK-99 Superconductor ​showing levitation - https://ve42.co/Levitation ‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science - https://ve42.co/SocialScience Tiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT - https://ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos ‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium - https://ve42.co/CosmoCrisis ‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think - https://ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo ‘Why is there a 'crisis' in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space - https://ve42.co/SpaceCosmo ‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBSBreakthrough DOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube - https://ve42.co/DOEPress ‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC - https://ve42.co/CNBCFusion ‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN - https://ve42.co/CNNFusion Nuclear fusion article, via CNN - https://ve42.co/CNNNuclear Climate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianClimate Nuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianFusion Fusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London - https://ve42.co/ImperialFusion Wednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian - https://ve42.co/GuardianBriefing Sky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube - https://ve42.co/SkyBulletin Alien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz - https://ve42.co/AlienProbe Attempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua 'comet' article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline - https://ve42.co/Oumuamua ‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner - https://ve42.co/NYTAliens ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett yt:video:lFlu60qs7_4 lFlu60qs7_4 UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-10-21T16:31:35+00:00 2023-10-27T23:43:35+00:00 How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video. A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology. Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry. ▀▀▀ Images: Euclid via Science Museum Group - https://ve42.co/Euclid Geodesy survey via ams - https://ve42.co/Geodesy John Wheeler via NAS Online - https://ve42.co/Wheeler ▀▀▀ References: Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons. Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation. Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - https://ve42.co/LibofCongress Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Elements The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory We (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - https://ve42.co/4DPringle Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Parallel Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media. St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - https://ve42.co/Bolyai Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon. Gauss, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Gauss Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - https://ve42.co/Landvermessung Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas. A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - https://ve42.co/Riemann Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905 ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905 Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - https://ve42.co/NANOGrav Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBSCMB Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - https://ve42.co/AncientLight Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - https://ve42.co/Planck2013 WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - https://ve42.co/WMAP2014 What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - https://ve42.co/SpaceShape Shape of the universe, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/UniverseShape Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic Hyperbolic Crochet model - https://ve42.co/Crochet ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble. Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren Hurley yt:video:QQkmJI63ykI QQkmJI63ykI UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-10-07T17:45:44+00:00 2023-10-22T23:24:43+00:00 The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version) YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2 Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ References: The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017 Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose Edited by Trenton Oliver Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies SFX by Shaun Clifford Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music yt:video:Is2Lip1cJUc Is2Lip1cJUc UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-09-30T16:39:15+00:00 2023-10-23T16:33:01+00:00 Extreme Breath-Holding This is how people can hold their breath for tens of minutes. Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help. ▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit https://eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding. ▀▀▀ References: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. - https://ve42.co/BodyBreathing Anatomy, autonomic nervous system - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). - https://ve42.co/ANS Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - https://ve42.co/ncbiATP Acidosis. Acidosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Acidosis Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis - Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Alkalosis Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - https://ve42.co/DivingO López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. - https://ve42.co/Barneo2008 Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. - https://ve42.co/BOLT Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. - https://ve42.co/Lindholm2009 Physiology, lung capacity - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - https://ve42.co/LungCapacity Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. - https://ve42.co/Panneton2020 Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. https://ve42.co/Bakovic2005 Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). - https://ve42.co/Gooden1971 Longest duration breath hold - freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/DivingRecord What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). - https://ve42.co/Southwell2023 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound yt:video:ILgSesWMUEI ILgSesWMUEI UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-09-11T17:41:27+00:00 2023-10-06T12:35:16+00:00 All The Times We Nearly Blew Up The World This is a video about some of the many times we have nearly blown up the world. Head over to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect. ▀▀▀ References: List of Broken Arrows -- https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport Declassified Goldsboro Report -- https://ve42.co/Goldsboro Operation ChromeDome -- https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome CIA website -- https://ve42.co/CIA Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- https://ve42.co/WoPo THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- https://ve42.co/lastflight The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- https://ve42.co/Messinger Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2 Picture of ReVelle -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1 Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2 CIA Website -- https://ve42.co/CIA ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound yt:video:8DBhTXM_Br4 8DBhTXM_Br4 UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-09-03T13:54:14+00:00 2023-09-20T11:42:17+00:00 How The Most Useless Branch of Math Could Save Your Life There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots. Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory. Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots. If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out: The amazing KnotPlot tool — https://knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well! A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/ The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page ▀▀▀ Knot Theory Video References – https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs Images & Video: Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/GordianCut Indus Valley tablet via Quora - https://ve42.co/IndusValley Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland - https://ve42.co/BookOfKells Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram - https://ve42.co/KellsInsta Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Panchang Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Quipu Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo - https://ve42.co/Borromeo Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica - https://ve42.co/JonesBirman Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil Bacteria animation from Your Body's Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research - http://wehi.tv Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019 KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots - https://ve42.co/Knotprot ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang Produced by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound yt:video:ZjBgEkbnX2I ZjBgEkbnX2I UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-08-31T14:59:55+00:00 2023-09-21T04:43:36+00:00 Should Airships Make a Comeback? Will we see a new generation of airships roaming our skies? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise. Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof. Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux. We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales. ▀▀▀ References: How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - https://ve42.co/FutureAirships Airship, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - https://ve42.co/Handmer2020 UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - https://ve42.co/RMT2020 National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - https://ve42.co/FAF5 Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - https://ve42.co/HAV LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - https://ve42.co/LTAResearch OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - https://ve42.co/NPExpedition Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - https://ve42.co/BASI Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1 Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Owen2019 National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - https://ve42.co/USSAkron USS Akron, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Directed by Casper Mebius Edited by Jack Saxon Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5 Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans More footage & photos from: Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4 O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2 Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - https://ve42.co/Aerium yt:video:FkKPsLxgpuY FkKPsLxgpuY UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-08-03T16:49:08+00:00 2023-09-21T13:05:23+00:00 I Took an IQ Test to Find Out What it Actually Measures IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time. Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study. ▀▀▀ References: Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company. Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing. Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray. Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - https://ve42.co/Spearman1904 Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - https://ve42.co/Binet1907 Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/IQWiki Radiolab Presents: G. - https://ve42.co/RadioLabG McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - https://ve42.co/McDaniel2005 Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - https://ve42.co/Deary2007 Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - https://ve42.co/Blasco2022 Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - https://ve42.co/Kuncel2010 Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - https://ve42.co/Laurence1991 Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing. Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - https://ve42.co/Gottfredson2004 Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - https://ve42.co/Izquierdo2023 Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - https://ve42.co/Zagorsky2007 Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - https://ve42.co/Strenze2007 Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - https://ve42.co/Deary2013 Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - https://ve42.co/Flynn1987 Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn, TED via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - https://ve42.co/Duckworth2011 Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - https://ve42.co/Kulik1984 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans yt:video:Xzv84ZdtlE0 Xzv84ZdtlE0 UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-07-18T23:28:16+00:00 2023-08-11T23:59:47+00:00 Why Oppenheimer Deserves His Own Movie J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription! If you want to learn more about Oppeheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It is a remarkable book, very much deserving of the Pulitzer prize it received. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback. ▀▀▀ References: Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books. Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - https://ve42.co/Smith1980 Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - https://ve42.co/Combes1981 Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster. Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. - https://ve42.co/Born1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66. Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349. Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725. Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). - https://ve42.co/Malik1985 Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs -- https://ve42.co/Konopinski46 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures ▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson Filmed by Derek Muller Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike Radjabov Illustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound yt:video:lfkjm2YRG-Q lfkjm2YRG-Q UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-07-07T17:43:14+00:00 2023-09-21T07:49:06+00:00 The Hidden Science of Fireworks This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free! If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe. ▀▀▀ Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones. Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials. Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks. Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks. ▀▀▀ Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius yt:video:DxL2HoqLbyA DxL2HoqLbyA UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-07-01T16:08:04+00:00 2023-07-08T09:01:44+00:00 The Most Misunderstood Concept in Physics One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov. ▀▀▀ References: Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890 Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016 Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996 Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021 Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023 Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010 Entropy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867 What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017 Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft. Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994 Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008 Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012 England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013 England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015 Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014 Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972 Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022 Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008 The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius yt:video:6bgNm9l_3qU 6bgNm9l_3qU UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-06-21T14:01:56+00:00 2023-09-28T16:06:27+00:00 I Vacuum Venom from the World's Deadliest Spider Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help. ▀▀▀ Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions. Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process. ▀▀▀ References: Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - https://ve42.co/Pineda2014 Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - https://ve42.co/Isbister2005 Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - https://ve42.co/Herzig2020 Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - https://ve42.co/Nicholson2002 Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - https://ve42.co/Fletcher1997 Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - https://ve42.co/ARPFirstAid The Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - https://ve42.co/SpiderFacts ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi ▀▀▀ Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5 B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw yt:video:tRaq4aYPzCc tRaq4aYPzCc UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-06-06T13:43:15+00:00 2023-09-21T07:33:44+00:00 Mathematicians Use Numbers Differently From The Rest of Us There's a strange number system, featured in the work of a dozen Fields Medalists, that helps solve problems that are intractable with real numbers. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com ▀▀▀ References: Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media. Amazing intro to p-adic numbers here: https://youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YA Excellent series on p-adic numbers: https://youtu.be/VTtBDSWR1Ac Great videos by James Tanton: @JamesTantonMath ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang yt:video:ZMQbHMgK2rw ZMQbHMgK2rw UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-05-24T17:39:57+00:00 2023-07-02T08:30:42+00:00 The Fastest Maze-Solving Competition On Earth Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium. ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out https://ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com. Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us. Thank you to Juing-Hei (https://www.youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (https://www.youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos. Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations. ▀▀▀ References: Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - https://ve42.co/ClaudeShannon Mighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - https://ve42.co/MightyMouse History, Micromouse Online Blog - https://ve42.co/MMHistory Christiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - https://ve42.co/Christiansen1977 Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - https://ve42.co/Allan1979 1977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - https://ve42.co/MoonlightSpecial Christiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - https://ve42.co/Christiansen2014 1986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMArchiveYT The first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMTsukubaYT IEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - https://ve42.co/IEEERules Tondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - https://ve42.co/Tondra2004 Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - https://ve42.co/Braunl1999 All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - https://ve42.co/RedComet Winning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - https://ve42.co/JapanFinishTimes The Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - https://ve42.co/FosburyFlop Gold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - https://ve42.co/HighJump Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - https://ve42.co/Zhang2016 Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - https://ve42.co/MMTurns Green Ye via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Greenye Classic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMFanYT Vacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - https://ve42.co/MMVacuum ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Tom Lum and Emily Zhang Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello Coordinated by Emily Zhang Filmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat Berbeci References by Katie Barnshaw Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang yt:video:FU_YFpfDqqA FU_YFpfDqqA UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA 2023-05-13T14:06:52+00:00 2023-09-21T10:14:38+00:00 Why The First Computers Were Made Out Of Light Bulbs Lightbulbs might be the best idea ever – just not for light. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription. A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric ▀▀▀ References: Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – https://ve42.co/Herring1949 Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – https://ve42.co/ENIAC Shannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – https://ve42.co/Shannon38 Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – https://ve42.co/Boole1847 The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – https://ve42.co/ENIAC2 Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – https://ve42.co/Dylla2005 Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press. ENIAC’s Hydrogen Bomb Calculations – https://ve42.co/ENIAC3 ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi. ▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi Rose Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci